156 E. C. TemiAe—Boufe oftlte Tal Gliotiali Field Force. [No. -1, 



surmounted bj the usual mud-and-thatch roof The interior height is 

 about 6 feet and the length some 10 or 12 feet, breadth 6 feet. 



But on reaching the Ghazgai and Bo'eai Valleys, i. e., the territories 

 of the UiMAii and Sandae Khe'l Kakars, a notable difference in dwelling 

 structure is observable. The houses, rather than huts, now to be seen are of 

 mud, as in Belochistan, Sind and the Panjab.* In the Ghazgai Valley 

 they are all fortified after the fashion of these people, having frequently a 

 look-out tower, which is sometimes square but generally circular, attached 

 to them. The body of the building has the sloped thatch-and-mud roof of 

 the Pishin valley. The entrances or doors are very low, being only 3 feet 

 or so in height ; the tower has also a separate entrance of a similar 

 construction, and round the top of it is a row of loop-holes. The usual 

 dimensions are : height of wall 4 feet, of hut 8 feet, of tower 12 feet, base 

 of tower 6 feet square (diameter, if round, 6 feet), length of hut 16 feet 

 {vide fig. 9). 



In the Bo'eai and Lu'ni Valleys were the best dwellings (figs. 10, 11, 

 13) I saw outside Kandahar in all S. Afghanistan, and I can hardly do 

 better regarding them than repeat what I have elsewhere said.f " They 

 are no longer huts, but have become houses with dimensions varying consi- 

 derably ; fig. 10 represents one of the smaller ones. They are built entirely 

 of mud with flat roofs from which the water is carried by projecting 

 spouts. They are generally fortified and have towers attached and usually 

 only one door. Fig. 11 represents one of these fortified houses. The 

 bulk of the houses, however, in the Bo'eai Valley are much larger than 

 those above mentioned, and may be described as fortified structures of mud, 

 surrounded by a mud wall some 12 feet high and covering sometimes nearly 

 an acre of ground [vide fig. 13). They have usually several towers attach- 

 ed and one door ; within the outer wall are a quantity of fruit trees, and the 

 house probably contains a whole family. Generally also there is a low 3 

 foot mud wall extending round the fields belonging to the house probably 

 for their protection. Three or four such houses often constitute a village. 

 The fortifications of an Utmaw Khe'l village are often supplemented by 

 a small regular square mud fort or redoubt with corner towers. Forts of 

 a similar description are also to be observed about the Sandae Khe'l and 

 Lu'ni Territory, where the villages are generally a straggling collection of 



* In the Panjdb the walls of such a house (kachcha matan) are built simply of 

 wet mud (gontlha) without foundation (bunj^ad), then smoothed over with liquid mud 

 (kaigal) and finally covered with a wash of cowdung and mud (gobri) and often also 

 ■with whitewash (sufedi) or a coloured lime-wash (rang). The roof (chhat) is of rafters 

 (khari) covered with a light reed thatch (sirki), plastered over with mud or earth 

 (mitthi) and cowdung (gobri) . 



t J. R. G. S,, 1880. 



