162 E. C. Temple— -BoM/e of tie Tal GhoUali Field Force. [No. 4, 



remains are locally referred to him. In the centre of the Valley a fort of 

 some size built on the same princij^le as that at Quetta, but not so high and 

 much more extensive, is called Shahr-i-Nadie. It is now deserted and 

 considerably ruined. The principle on which these forts were built is a 

 very sound one in such a country, as the most desirable position from 

 which to watch a valley is from an eminence so situated that all parts of 

 the valley are visible at once, and at the same time that an enemy advanc- 

 ing from the hills must show himself. As it is very seldom that such 

 eminences are natural they had to be constructed where necessary. This is 

 the governing principle in the selection of the sites of Quetta and Kanda- 

 har, in fact the attempt to build Kandahar alongside one of the apparent- 

 ly strongly situated hills near it failed as a military measure. 



In the Bo'rai Valley and along the route thence, via the Hanumbab, 

 TEfxH Ktjeam and Han Passes, towards Baekho'm a remarkable set of 

 remains are found everywhere in the shape of large quantities of pieces of 

 burnt bricks and pottery* of a manufacture and excellence not now known 

 in these parts. These are found in all kinds of places, on the hill tops, in 

 the valleys and passes and alongside streams. The inhabitants say they 

 are the remains of Nadie Shah's army, but as this was an old Kafila 

 route, the present one via Mekhtae being not far distant, it is as likely 

 that the presence of the remains is due to this as to Nadie Shah's mai*eh 

 in this direction ; it is, however, more than likely that he and his successor 

 Ahmad Shah, the first Dueani and hero of Panipat, or portions of their 

 forces made more than one march along this route. 



The state of civilization varies considerably with the locality, the in- 

 habitants of the valleys being of course more civilized than their hill 

 neighbours. As has been above observed, the more hilly the country the 

 more scarce and rough the dwellings become, a sure indication of the 

 general civilization of the occupants. The Zaekhans and among the Ka- 

 KAES the DxiMAES, Zakhpe'ls, Panizais and Amand Khe'is bear off the 

 palm for wildness, and their civilization is merely nominal. The Utjian 

 and Sandae Khe'ls present a substantial, though rude, form of civilization 

 of the patriarchal type, as shown in their buildings, their husbandry, their 

 better class of wearing apparel and the quantity of food supply, much of 

 it foreign, which they possess, and the same is true of the Lu'ni Khe'ls. 

 The Kakars of the Do'p and Gwal Valleys resemble their Pishin neigh- 

 bours in almost everything, even to their habit of xisiting foreign countries, 

 and many an I'sa Khe'l or Shamozai Kakar is to be found, who has been 

 in Karachi and Bombay and even served as a sailor. In the Pishin there 

 are many indications of a superior civilization, notably in the presence of 



* Several specimens were sent to this Society by the present writer with the Geo- 

 logical collection he made in the districts under discussion. 



