1880.] Dr. G. Thibaut— Ort the Simjnprnjnapti. 197 



tbe end o£ Uttara-phalguni, and if therefore the product found in the man- 

 ner shown above exceeds 139, we may at once subtract 139 instead of 

 performing five separate subtractions and know that the sun has at the time 

 piissed beyond Uttara-phalguni. The procedure is analogous to the one 

 described above and needs no further illustration. 



For finding how many seasons have elapsed on a certain tithi, the 

 commentator quotes some gathas of the old teachers. The rule they 

 contain is as follows Multiply the number of the parvans which have 

 elapsed since the beginning of the yuga by fifteen, and add to the result 

 the number of titliis which have elapsed in addition to the complete par- 

 vans ; deduct from this sum its sixty-second part ; multiply the remainder 

 by two and add to the product sixty-one ; divide the result by one hundred 

 and twenty-two ; the quotient shows the number of seasons elapsed (which 

 when exceeding six will have to be divided by six, since so many seasons 

 constitute a solar year) ; the remainder divided by two shows the number 

 of the current day of the current season. This rule seems not very well 

 expressed, although it may be interpreted into a consistent sense. At first 

 it must be remembered that the yuga does not begin with the beginning 

 of a season, but with the month sravana, while the current season — the rainy 

 season — has begun a month earlier with ashadha. The calculation would 

 hen, strictly expressed, be as follows. Take the number of parvans which 

 have elapsed since the beginning of the yuga, add to it the tithis which 

 have elapsed of the current parvan and add again to this sum 30^ tithis 

 (the tithis of ashadha plus half a tithi of the month preceding ashadha) 

 and deduct from this sum its sixty-second part, viz., the so-called avamara- 

 tras, i. e., the lunar days in excess of the natural days (according to the 

 Suryaprajiiapti's system each sixty-second tithi is an avamaratra). The 

 remainder of the calculation needs no explanation ; the formula enjoins the 

 addition of 61 instead of 30^ and division by 122 instead of 61 (the num- 

 ber of days of a season) in order to get rid of the fractional jDart of 30|-. 



In order to find the number of the parvan during which an avamaratra 

 occurs and at the same time the tithi itself which becomes avamaratra, the 

 following rule is given. The question is assumed to be proposed in the 

 following manner. In what parvan does the second tithi terminate while 

 the first tithi has become avamaratra, or in what parvan does the third tithi 

 terminate while the second is avamaratra ? and so on, (kasmin parvani 

 pratipady avamaratribhutayam dvitiya samaptim upayati, etc.) The an- 

 swer is : if the number of the tithi which becomes avamaratra is an odd one, 

 one has to be added to it and the sum to be multiplied by two ; the result 

 shows the number of parvans elapsed before the first tithi becomes avama- 

 ratra. If the number is an even one, one is added to it, the sum multiphed 

 by two, and to the product thirty-one is added ; the result again shows the 

 B B 



