§■§ 20—23 ] 



CASE. 



9 



is usually formed by adding 4 sa, of which #f so is an occasional variety. 



so is the poetical and older form. There is another form of the instrumental 

 made by the addition of the syllable ^ e. This is formed in two ways. 



A. by the substitution of e for the final vowel in, — 



(1) all nouns ending in which is not pronounced; e.g. phal, 

 fruit, has for one of the forms of its instrumental xjtW phale. 



(2) All noims ending in ^ d, whether directly horroiued from SamsJcrit, 

 or from Prdkritic sottrces. E.g. hatha, a saying, makes one of its 

 instrumental forms kathe, and ^JfT nend, a hoy, similarly makes nene. 



B. In all other nouns by the simple addition of t?;" e, before which a 

 final long vowel is shortened. Thus ^rTf^r "pani, water, becomes in one form 

 of the instrumental singular qrfHi: ^«?u"e, and f€t lietl, a daughter, similarly 

 becomes ^fi*! hetie. 



§ 20. The Dative " is the ease of the recipient or that form of the 

 noun which indicates that in which the object of an action rests." It is simi- 

 lar in form to the Accusative, but the postposition ^ he, ^ he, ^ hai or 

 ^ ha' is not liable to be dropped. 



§ 21. The Ablative indicates separation or removal from. It is 

 formed by adding the postposition ^ sa, of which ^ so is an occasional 

 variety. %t so is the poetical and older form. 



§ 22. The Genitive " denotes connection generally, whether arising from 

 origin or possession." Its sign is ^ /<;. An older form, but still in occasional 

 use, is her. In the pronouns, too, the distinguishing termination of the 

 genitive is the letter ^ r. None of these three postpositions, ^ h, her or 

 ^ r, shows any symptom of being influenced by gender, as is the case with the 

 corresponding Hindi postpositions ^ hd, ^ he and ^ h%. Although really 

 ending in an inherent short "^r a, this final vowel is not pronounced in prose 

 or in conversation, so that ^ h, her and ^ r are usually pronounced as 

 if they were cr h, #T her and T r. In order to prevent mispronunciation, 

 thi'oughout the following paradigms, the postpositions ^ and ^ are written 

 as part of the qualifying word. Thus ^sn^ nendh, f^TX; hamar, and not 

 %?rT ^ nend. h, ^ ham r, which would be the more logical way of writing 

 them. But it must never be forgotten that ^ and x; are postpositions and 

 have not yet been so amalgamated with the principal word, that the whole 

 forms one inflected base. 



§ 23. The Locative indicates the place in, or the time at which a thing 

 is done. It is formed usually by the postposition ?f me, of which ^^ ma and 

 "Ht mo are optional forms. Of these three forms, *ff mo is the oldest and 

 is usually found in poetry. An old form of the Locative ended, like 

 the Samskrit, in e. It now, however, appears in only a few adverbial sen- 

 tences, such as ^ ^ ghare ghare, in every hottse. 



B 



