§§ 1G8-70.] 



THE PASSIVE VOICE. 



95 



vowel of the root apply in tliis conjugation. Before cf, t and I, immediately 

 following, this ^ is liable to be changed to ^ o, which o it may be stated here 

 is pronounced short, which accounts for the forms ttT"^^ paol and ttT'^cT 

 fdot, in which the a. remains long in spite of § 148. 1, according to whicli 

 if o was a long vowel we should expect Wtg- paol, and xr^cf paot. When, 

 however, the ^ a is shortened to ^ « under § 148.2 or 3, this latter coalesces 

 with a following o, and the two together become the diphthong ^ 

 Thus we get, in oi-der, for the 1st. sing. Past XT^tSf,^", pav'laliii, 'q^^'^ 

 paolaTin and finally ^fw^". 



The foi'ms containing q are those in which the euphonic letter w v 

 (or W i) has not been inserted. In these the « of the root is first short- 

 ened under § 148.2 or 3, and then, combining with a following ^, forms ^az. 

 Thus 1st Retro. Conditional is qT + pa + itaJin ; then (§ 148) tt + 

 ^A'si' pn -Gitalin, then finally ^t^w" paitah' n. In the Fviture and Past an 

 t; i has been inserted first for the sake of euphony. In the Retrospective 

 Conditional this has not been necessary. 



Here it must be noted that the e and o, which we find in the con- 

 jugation of verbs with vocalic roots, are always pronounced short, and do not 

 affect a preceding long vowel. They v/ill, hence, always hereafter be marked 

 short ; thus e, o. 



Chapter XIII. 



THE PASSIVE VOICE. 



§ 168. As in other Neo-Aryan languages the Passive voice is formed by 

 subjoining the conjugated verb jdeh " to go", to the past participle. 

 This participle is liable to inflection as to gender, in which respect it agrees 

 with the subject of the verb, but in other respects it remains unaltered. 

 Thus f ^ 5rni^ deJclial jael means "to be seen." 



§ 1G9. It is needless therefore to conjugate the passive verb through- 

 out. As however <3\ \ m,4 jaeh is irregular in some of its forms, I here conjugate' 

 it in its more usual tenses. 



§ 170. 5n^^,/ae5 " to go". 



Root, 5!T jd. 



Present Participle, ^\js{ jdit. 



Past Participle, 31^ gel. 



