100 THE FOEMATION OF ACTIVE ANB CAUSAL VEKBS. [§§ 179 — 80 



girah, to fall, fiRTT^^ girdeb, to fell, fil^:^5?:^ girvdeh, 



to cause to fell. 



^^Jo^ charhah, to ascend, '^CRsf charhdeb, '^CWT^^ charJivdeb. 



pa/cab to ripen, ir^R^ pakdeb, v[^X^ paFvdeb. 

 ^'sm bajab^ to sound, to speak, ^^jt^sT bajdeb, <^^'di[fm bafvdeb. 

 ^msf lagab, to be applied, ^nrrRW lagaeb, ^mm^^ lag'vdeb. 

 fx{g5fwp2yi'/'5«&, to melt, fti^^T^ pigJildeb, fiig^T^^ pighaVvdeh 

 '5TS5R^ lafhab, to hang, ^j^n^ lafkdeb, ^zwm^ lataVvdeb. 



§ 179. Monosyllabic roots containing a long vowel, generally shorten 

 it in the active and causal forms ; but unlike Hindi, the guna diphthongs 

 xi-e, and ° Wf-o, are not shortened to their simple vowels ° and ® ^-u 

 respectively ; they are, instead pronounced short, like e, &d: thus : — 



Nettteb. Active. CAtrsAi. 



Wl'Jl^ jdgab, to he awake, ^mi^jagdeb, ^Tmj^Jag'vdeb. 



bdjab, to speak, ^siT^W bdyaeb, wsmv^^ hafvdeb. 



»Tt^^ hliijah, to be wet, fjqaj hhijdeb, fir^^T^ hhifvdeb. 



^3T«r gliumab, to go round, ^»tt^ ghumdeb, ^rjcTRW ghunivdeb. 

 But 



dolab, to be shaken, ^^T^^ doldeb, wt^m^ doTvdeb. 

 letab, to lie down, ^ST^ letdeb, ^^t^ lefvaeb. 



Note, that, unlike Hindi, monosyllabic roots, consisting of a consonant 

 and a long vowel, do not form actives in ° ^ Id, or causals in ^^T-^fa. 



§ 180. The following are examples of monosyllabic roots of active verbs, 

 which become doubly active and causal. 



