ADDENDA ET COEEIGENDA. 



113 



vowels have each a short and a long form viz: a and a, i and / &c, so also the 

 diphthongs have each a short and along form, viz: e and e, 6 and o, ai and ai 

 and aii and au. Instances of these short diphthongs will be found in § 167 

 (note) ; and as diphthongs are liable to exactly the same rules as regards 

 shortening as the simple vowels, the rules in § 148 apply to them also. 

 Hence, subsequently to § 167, I have marked short diphthongs wherever 

 they occur. Note that the words this, and =^tf^, that, (§§ 85 & 86) are 

 pronounced e/t' and dli. 



The rules as regards shortening of vowels and diphthongs in verbal in- 

 flections have been given by me in § 14!8 ; but another important rule, first 

 given by Dr Hoernle, for the shortening of vowels and diphthongs in words 

 other than verbs, must be given here. As adapted to this Maithili Grammar 

 it is as follows : 



(1) As regards d, this vowel is always shortened if it comes in the 

 antepenultimate syllable or earlier in a word. Thus in the word ^T^K chawr, 

 rice, the a. is long, because a is only in the penultimate syllable ; but the 

 longer form (see § 17) is 'f^^^ cJiaurud (or contracted "^^^ chaurud) in 

 which the a is short, as it is in a syllable earlier than the antepenultimate. 

 Again there is ^?rr Rdmd a proper name, in which the first d is long, but in 

 the vocative it is ^fRT ramvd, in which the first a is shortened, it being in 

 the antepenultimate syllable. 



(2) As regards other vowels and diphthongs they are liable to be shorten- 

 ed in the antepenultimate only if a consonant, which is not euphonic ^ ya or 

 ^ iva, follow. If, however, in a syllable earlier than the antepenultimate, they 

 are liable to be shortened no matter whether a consonant or a vowel follow. 

 Thus 0, this, makes its genitive ^^A. ohar, with a long o, but its accusa- 

 tive is ^flchi,! d¥r& with a short 6, as this 6 falls in the antepenultimate 

 and is followed by a consonant. So also the e in %fwr ( see § 34 ) nenid is 

 short. 



In counting syllables for applying this rule, it must be remembered that 

 a final silent consonant (see § 7) must not be counted a syllable, as it is 

 counted in § 148. Thus okar is only two syllables, while '^NiTr 



oje'rd is three syllables. 



There is only one exception to this i-ule, — it is that the final syllable ^ e 

 of the instrumental case is not considered as part of the word, but as a 

 separate word. Hence we have ^iTf\^ pdnie, and not q'f^ panie with 

 the a short. The word, however, though written pdnie is pronounced panie 

 with the a short. 



