1880.] CONSONANTS. ■ 7 



The gh appears to be inherent in past participles, answering to the 

 final h of the Persian, but it is not heard except in compound forms when 

 followed by a vowel. Thus khu^/ia, p. p. of khanay/t means 'done,' but 

 Wwithn-gli-axii 'they have done.' 



ly n frequently occurs as a final, in the place of n or nt ; e. g., 



khana^'/ie?? — khana^Aant. 

 Occasionally owing to a nasal style of pronunciation, mv stands for m, 

 and n is interpolated as a final ; e. g., 

 nya?wan — nyama 

 ^ ch generally corresponds with the same letter in Persian. 

 s^:^ chh also represents Persian ch ; e.g., 

 B. chha^A P. chah 



B. chham P. chashm 



^ j corresponds either with original Persian j or z ; e.g., 

 B. jihan P. jahan 



. B. jan P. zan 



B. I*- zili 



S^a. jh is only found in words of Indian origin. 



The cerebral consonants are found almost entirely in words of Indian 

 origin. Before a dental, j r is occasionally pronounced ; r, as mard for 

 mard, gartha for gartha ; but this is not universal and has not been marked 

 in the Vocabulary. Leech represents this by d, but I have never heard 

 it so pronounced. 



ciJ t represents an original t, which however more usually becomes 

 th. 



*43 th as an initial commonly represents an oi-iginal t. As a final, and 

 after a consonant medially, it often corresponds with Persian d ; e.g., 

 B. tha/c/ttha P. ta/cAta 



B. thafar P. tabar 



B. arth P. arad 



B. khanth P. kunad 



B. burtha P. burda 



ti til (pronounced as in Arabic, like English th in nothing, heath), does' 

 not occur initially. As a medial and final it corresponds with Persian d. 

 As a final it does not occur, unless preceded by a vowel ; e. g., 

 B. bra/Zt P. biradar 



B. gw;l(!^ P. bad 



B. roth P. ruda 



B. voth P. ravad 



B. ^ith P. Slid 



B. rasiif/ia P. msuda 



