8 



CONSONANTS. 



[Extra No. 



d d corresponds with Persian d as an initial and occasionally after a 

 consonant ; e.g., 



B. dem ' P. adim 



B. khanda^^ P. ^7<and-udan 



dh only occurs in words o£ Indian origin, 

 j dh (pronounced like English th in mother, hreathe) never occurs 

 initially. As a final and medial it corresponds with Persian d ; e. g., 



B. ditttar P. didar 



B. saJ/i P. sad 



B. vodh P. rod 



In some verbs dh as a characteristic represents a consonant which is 

 lost in modern Persian ; e. g., 



B. vudh-&gh, p.p. rustha P. rustan, Imp. rii 



B. nja,dh-a.ffh P. nihadan, nih. 



B. shodh-siffh P. shustan, shii, p.p. shustha 



In ma,dha,7ch ' locust' dh corresponds with 1 in Persian malaJch. 

 In \kgh2idh the Persian spelling is preserved, though i is pro- 



nounced dh not z. 



In nai^Ara it represaents Arabic Js in 

 li* n corresponds with Persian n. 



lii; p corresponds with Persian p, also with £ before a consonant : e. g., 



B. hapt P. haft 



B. gwaptha P. bafta 



ph as an initial represents Persian p and f ; e. g., 



B. phanch P. panj 



B. phusht P. pusht 



B. phur P. pur 



B. phrah P. fara^^ 



o f seldom occurs initially, its place being taken by ph. As a medial 

 and final it commonly represents Persian b ; e. g., 



B. thafar P. tabar 



B. shaf P. shab 



B. af P. ab 



i_> b corresponds with Persian b as an initia' and when not preceded by 

 a vowel. 



bh is found only in words of Indian origin. 

 J w, V, has two sounds. The most usual is that of English w, which 

 it receives generally when followed by a vowel, and the other that of a 



