28 



TEH'S. 



[Extra No. 



From the simple past participle which has both an active and passive 

 signification are formed two other participles ; viz., (1) the active past 

 participle, used of a completed action and only found before a verb in a past 

 tense. This is formed by changing the termination tha, ^Aa into tho. (2) The 

 present participle used of a continued but not repeated action. This is 

 formed by changing tha or ilia in thiya, tliijk or sometimes i\xighk, thighk. 

 The use of the four participles may be shown as follows : 

 r dara^A, to hold. 

 Past \ dashtha, held. 



dashto, having held, 

 dashthiya 



or (■ holding, continuing to bold, 

 dashthiy/ta, } 



darana, holding (with intervals), keeping on taking hold. 



FOEMATIOW OF THE PaST PaETICIPLE. 



The termination is either tha, or tha which is added to the base. Th^L 

 is the more usual. It is taken by all verbs whose bases end in a vowel. 

 Vei-bs ending in mutes take ^/la as a rule, with a short vowel inserted after 

 the characteristic ; e. g., bashkayZ* " to give," P. P. bashka^/m. When a verb 

 corresponds with a Persian verb in idan, a short i is sometimes inserted ; e. g., 

 rasagh, to arrive P. P. vasitJin (P. rasidan). 

 thursay/i, to fear P. P. thursi^Aa (P. tursidan). 



"When tha is used it is always attached to the base without an inter- 

 vening vowel. This leads frequently to the modification of the characteris- 

 tic of the base, the changes corresponding closely with those which take 

 place in Persian. In some verbs the vowel of the base is also changed, and 

 others are wholly irregular. Vei'bs whose characteristic is n (a class which 

 includes all causals) take the termination tha without any modification of 

 the base. 



The most usual changes of characteristic letters are sh and zh to JcJi, f 

 to p, dh and z to s. Many verbs in sh and s, take the termination without 

 modifying the characteristic. 



The following list gives the past participles of all the irregular verbs, 

 also most of those which form their past participle by taking tha without 

 modification of the base. The verbs beginning with vowels which take the 

 prefixes b, bi and kh in the imperative and aorist are also given. 



Infinitive Past Participle 



ara^^-Z* to bring artha 



asayA to rise astha 



ashkhanayA to hear ashkhu^7?a 



agh to come aMtha, atka 



Present 



