1880.] 



TERB. 



31 



Infinitive. Past Participle. 



wavsiffh to eat wartba 



husha_^/i to dry hushtha 



Gausals. The causal is commonly formed by adding the suffix ain 

 to the root ; e. g., 



tharayA, to return. 



tharainag/;, to cause to return, i. e., to give back. 

 Oshtay^ " to stand," and nindayZ* " to sit," form their causals thus : — 

 oshtayZt — oshtalainayA. 

 ninday/i — nishtainay^ (to lay, spread out.) 

 Some of the verbs given in the above list are causals, the intransitive 

 verb becoming transitive by a change in the radical vowel resembling the 

 Sanskrit guna or vriddhi, see — 



sushay^, soshay/* ; thashay/j, thashay/* ; thusay/^, thosay^. 



Compound Verbs. Verbs are compounded with prepositions, with 

 nouns and with other verbs. The most common of those compounded with 

 prepositions will be found under the words er " down," ul^ mm " in ;" 

 ji) dar "out;" and eJ^^ gon "with" in the vocabulary. In verbs which 

 take the prefixes bi, b, and kh these are inserted after the prepositions, as 

 are also the negative particles na and ma ; e. g., 

 phajya together. Araffh to bring, 

 phajya aray^, to recognize, 

 phajya kharith, he will recognize, 

 phajya nayartha, he did not recognize. 

 Compound phrases of a noun and a verb are common. The verb, 

 khanayZt " to do," deay/* " to give," janay/i " to strike," and giray7« " to take" 

 are most commonly used in this way ; e. g., 



sar giray7«, to set out 

 dem deay/i, to send 



One verb frequently qualifies another, the two verbs being used in the 

 same tense and person throughout. The active past participle is never 

 used unless followed by another past tense ; e. g., 



Wnffh denffh, to let go 



bilaw dea«, I will let go 



ishtho da^7/a, he let go 



tbaray/i affh, to come back 



thara?i kha«, I will come back 



thar^/io •dMiha,(/Jia,t/rd?i, I had come back 



