1864.] Mr. Williams — Researches on Isomeric Alkaloids » 303 



phalanx of the great toe, arising fleshy from the tibia, inside the extensor 

 proprius, and below the tibialis anticus. Strong tendon implanted into 

 base of first phalanx inside the short common extensor. 



30. The same muscle in another subject, having a different arrangement. 

 Arising from the interosseous ligament outside the extensor proprius, and 

 inserted by a tendon into that of the short common extensor going to the 

 great toe. Neither of these have been before recorded. 



31. A. The deep flexor tendon of the little toe supplied by a distinct 

 muscle arising from the inner tubercle of the os calcis. Not before recorded. 



B. A very large development of the flexor accessorius inserted into 

 both the long common flexor and lone/ flexor of the great toe tendons. 



32. A. Abductor ossis metatarsi quinti. — A. distinct muscle found by the 

 author in more than one-half of the subjects in which he has looked for it, 

 concealed by the outer part of the plantar fascia and abductor minimi digiti 

 muscle, arising from the outer tubercle of the os calcis by a round fleshy 

 belly, and inserted into the base of the fifth metatarsal by a distinct round 

 tendon. Not before observed in the human subject. Found in the Gorilla 

 and Chimpanzee by Huxley and Flower. 



B. Opponens minimi digiti. — Very commonly found, though not de- 

 scribed in anatomical text-books. Arises tendinous from the ligament of 

 the fifth metatarsal and cuboid, and inserted in a bipennate way into the 

 whole length of the fifth metatarsal bone. Found well developed in all 

 ^he Apes. 



IV. Researches on Isomeric Alkaloids." By C. Grevtlle Wil- 

 liams, F.R.S. Received May 12, 1864. 



(Abstract.) 



The experiments recorded in the following paper have for their object 

 the determination of two questions : — 



1 . Whether the base produced by destructive distillation of cinchonine, 

 and having the formula H^"'N, is isomeric or identical with the lutidine 

 from Dippel's oil? and 



2. How far the chinoline series of bases, isomeric with the leukoline 

 series, extends beyond lepidine ? 



In one form or another the observations have been going on for some 

 years, but it is only lately that results have been obtained which appear 

 conclusive. 



The first of the above questions is connected with one of the most diffi- 

 cult problems occupying the attention of chemists at the present day, 

 namely that of isomerism. It is true that some isomeric bodies differ so 

 widely in their physical and chemical characters that no difficulty exists in 

 distinguishing them. Thus the members of the aniline and pyridine 

 series have, save their formulae, few points of resemblance ; cespitine and 



