No. 646] THE F088IL PROBOSCIDEANS 449 



great Loxodon antiquus namadicus, the straight-tusked 

 elephant, which ranged all over southern Eurasia and 

 probably arose originally in the African continent. 



In the early formations, such as the Middle Pliocene 

 of Tomuro, Kaga, we meet the Elephas aurorce, regarded 

 by the author as an intermediate type between the stego- 

 donts of the Upper Phocene of India and Elephas plani- 

 frons, which in turn is related to the true mammoths 

 (Elephas primigenius) and wandered all over southern 

 Europe in Upper Pliocene time, namel.v, Bessarabia, 

 . Austria, and southern France. In still earlier deposits, 

 such as the Upper Miocene of Kuji, occurs a mammal 

 which the author refers to Stegodon latidens, an ances- 

 tral stegodont of Burma, India. In the Lower Miocene 

 of the Province of Mino occurs a form very similar to 

 the Trilophodon angustidens of the Middle Miocene of 

 France, ancestral to all the long-jawed proboscideans. 



The Stegodon itself is peculiar to India, China, Japan, 

 and the larger islands of the Malayan archipelago, such 

 as Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. The author notes that 

 there is a marked difference between the sexes, so that 

 the stegodonts of each geologic period seem to have re- 

 ceived two specific names, one applied to the female, the 

 other to the male form. Among these couples are S. 

 Cliftii-homUfrons, dating from the Upper Phocene and 

 from the Lower Pliocene of India; 8. ganesa-uisignis, 

 dating from the Upper Pliocene and from the Postplio- 

 cene of the same area; S. sinensis-orientalis, dating from 

 the same strata of China and Japan; 8. airawana^tri- 

 gonocephalus from the Postpliocene of Java. This sex 

 dimorphism is very marked esi)eeially in the great dis- 

 parity of size of the liisks, wliidi are much smaller 

 and more slender in ft'iiialcs than in males. This tusk 

 structure in turn affects the entire form of the head. 



The Bison occiden talis of Japan seems to spring from 

 the B. sivalensis of the Upper Pliocene of India. It is 

 similar in fact to the bison found in the ancient Pleisto- 

 cene of Kansas, in the basin of the Ohio Kiver, in Alaska, 



