times become of functional use. 



11. Secondary sexual characters are more numerous 

 and ]ess stable in the male than in the female; that is. 

 female sexual characters, whether primary or secondary, 

 may be of generic or even family value in groups wherein 

 like characters in the male are merely specific or even in- 

 dividual. I am aware that some modern naturalists would 

 discredit sexual selection, but, until some hypothesis is 

 given to replace it, I must still continue to believe that 

 sexual selection is necessary to account for secondary 

 sexual characters. 



12. An organ once functionally lost is never perma- 

 nently regained by natural selection or any of its hypo- 

 thetical substitutes. A hexadactyl species of Homo or 

 Felis is impossible. 



13. Giantism in any group is an indication of approach- 

 ing decadence; giants never give origin to dominant phyla 

 of smaller average size. 



To these I may add, as an article of faith, one more : 



14. Fertility depends chiefly upon the inheritance of 

 physiological characters. A modification in the behavior 

 of the sperm and germ cells may affect fertility even be- 

 fore structural characters have become much affected, 

 and vice versa. Human males and females, as we all 

 know, are sometimes infertile with each other, though 

 each may be entirely fertile with some other ; an extension 

 of this infertility to races would produce what the tax- 

 onomist would accept as species. J furthermore believe 

 that the accumulated inheritance of physiological charac- 

 ters may and does produce determinate lines of evolution, 

 that is,orthogene8is, which may go on into hypogenesia, if 

 I may use this term to indicate that hereditary momentum 

 which results in over-development of organs. I account 

 for this accumulated heredity by the action of past en- 

 vironment upon the organism, that is, Lamarckism. I 

 am also quite aware that I am with the minority in the 

 acceptance of Lamarckism as the chief causative prin- 



