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THE AMERICAN NATURALIST [Vol. XLII 



leading and unfounded as those of Jacoby, and I fear he could 

 not even prove that the anatomical peculiarities are really 

 stigmata of degeneration at all. 



If abnormal mouths, noses and ears are to be proved the 

 stigmata of degenerate or criminal types it is necessary to prove 

 by biometrical methods, a correlation between the bodily 

 anomalies on one hand, and the existence of psychic defect on 

 the other. Galippe does not attempt to show such a correlation. 



I have taken all the cases available, and divided Galippe 's 

 portraits into three classes, those in which the "lip" is 

 "marked," tlio.se in which it is "slight" and those in which 

 it is "absent." I have tried correlating these 205 cases with 

 the mental and moral grades which I had previously obtained 

 for these individuals; but I find that any correlation must be 

 slight and difficult to prove without much larger data. For 

 instance, of th<' distinctly interior individuals 25 show the "lip " 

 in a "marked" degree, against 20 in whom it is "absent"; 

 while of the notably superior persons 22 have the "marked lip" 

 against 21 in whom it is "absent." It may be similar to the 

 slight correlation that is now thought to probably exist between 

 genius and insanity. But this is not like saying that genius is 

 insanity. 



Many of Galippe 's portraits labeled " Prognathisme inferieur" 

 strike the reader as showing nothing peculiar in any way, others 

 nothing more than a heavy underjaw, a common characteristic 

 of the old royal personages, which so far from being a sign of 

 degeneracy may as likely be associated with their general 

 strength of character and determination of will. 



But the most misleading side of Galippe 's work, in which he 

 also follows Jacoby, is his constant repetition of the word sterility 

 and his frequent statements that noble and illustrious families 

 thus find their natural end. The chief cause of this common 

 mistake has arisen from following down, from ancient times 

 to the more recent, the various dynasties in the male lines of 

 primogeniture. In an appendix to Galton's "Natural Inheri- 

 tance," 1889, this question is discussed, and it is there shown 

 that nil male lines, including the surnames of commoners, tend 

 to diminish merely from the law of chance. This is because 

 whenever all girls are born in any branch the name is lost abso- 

 lutely, and can never be recovered. If the daughters marry 

 and have children, the germ plasm is still transmitted, though 



