74 



Campbell's 1902 Soil Culture Manual. 



tacked on furnishes a shelter under which the larvae whether coming 

 down or crawling up the tree find shelter from the birds. The larvae re- 

 mains sheltered here during the period of pupating. Examining these 

 bands once in seven or eight days, the orchardist destroys either by crush- 

 ing or by throwing the bands into hot water and then replacing the bands. 

 This work should be begun as early as the 15th of June and continued 

 until the first of September. The successive broods of the codling moth 

 overlap one another. In Nebraska and Kansas we always have at least 

 two broods and these broods overlap one another in such manner that it is 

 necessary to be on guard against them from the middle of June until the 

 first of September. 



The early summer apples are more likely to escape than the late 

 winter, because it seems easier to destroy the largest portion of the first 

 brood than to hold sufiiciently in check by spraying the second brood. 

 This makes the supplementary work of trapping the larvae by banding 

 the tree, a decided help in the work of combating the codling moth. Those 

 who are particularly interested in the work which has been done by the 

 members of the State Horticultural Society in the work of holding the 

 codling moth in check should read recent reports giving an accurate ac- 

 count of the codling moths destroyed at each catch, and during the entire 

 season by orchardists who have followed this method and taken the time 

 to count and report results secured. 



These may be secured by addressing the Secretary of the State 

 Board of Horticulture of Denver. 



E. F. Stevens. 



THE PRUNING OF FRUIT TREES UNDER SEMI-ARID 

 CONDITIONS. 



My early training was secured in the State of Maine where it was 

 considered good form to open out the head of the tree to let in the sun and 

 to grow trees with high bodies that a horse might drive under them. 



Under the climatic conditions in that state trees may live to be 75 

 to ]00 years of age. At a later period living in California other condi- 

 tions were met. Different methods of pruning adapted to their conditions 

 had to be studied. Located 30 years in Nebraska we find conditions dif- 

 fering from either; that the pruning adapted to New England or California 

 is not suited to the semi-arid belt, and methods considered good form in 

 the extreme eastern counties of our state are not suited to the semi-arid 

 conditions of western Nebraska and Kansas. 



Under semi-arid conditions we can not expect trees to be as long 

 lived as in New Englg,nd. Our effort should be to bring trees into bearing 

 at an early age and to secure the best possible results during the first 20 or 

 25 years bt the life of the tree. We may hetve destructive hail storms. 



