192 The Horticulturist' s Ride- Book. 



Derivation of the Haines of Fruits and Vegetables, continued. 

 Rhubarb. — French, rhubarbe; probably indirectly from Latin. 



barbaims, foreign. 

 Sage.— Latin, salvus, saved, evidently in allusion to medicinal 



properties of the plant. 

 Salsify. — French, salsifis. 



Spinach or Spinage.— Latin, spinacia, spinach, from spina, a 



thorn, in reference to the prickly character of the plant. 

 Squash. — American Indian, asquash, a raw or green fruit. 

 Tomato. — Tomate, of South American origin. 

 Turnip.— Probably Welsh turn, round, and matp, turnip. 



4. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Cultivated 



Plan-ts. 



(Adapted from researches of De Candolle, and Gray and Trumbull. ) 



Almond. Over 4,000 years ; Mediterranean basin, western tem- 

 perate Asia. 



Apple. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, Anatolia, south of the Cau- 

 casus. 



Apricot. Over 4.000 years ; China. 



Artichoke. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, Africa, Canaries and 



Madeira. 



Asparagus, Over 2,000 years ; Europe, western temperate Asia. 

 Banana. — Over 4,000 years ; southern Asia. 

 Barley, Common. (?) ; western temperate Africa. 

 Bean, Kidney. Over 4,000 years ; unknown wild. Probably N. 

 America. 



Bean, Broad. Over 4,000 years ; south of the Caspian ( ?) . 

 Buckwheat. Less than 2,000 years; Mandschuria, central 



Siberia. 



Buckwheat, Tartarian. Less than 2,000 years ; Tartary, Siberia 



to Dahuria. 

 Cabbage. Over 4,000 years ; Europe. 



Carrot. Over 2.000 years ; Europe, western temperate Asia (?). 



Celery. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia and Africa. 



Chestnut. (?) ; from Portugal to Caspian Sea, eastern Algeria. 



Chives. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate and northern Europe. 



Citron. Over 2,000 years ; India. 



Corn- salad. Less than 2.000 years; Sardinia, Sicily. 



Cotton, Herbaceous. Over 2,000 years ; India. 



