66 PROCEEDINGS OF TWENTY-SIXTH FRUIT-GROWERs' CONVENTION. 



MR. MOTHERAL. If we don't get the wind from the phylloxera, 

 do you think we will be affected with the phylloxera under those 

 conditions ? 



PROF. HILGARD. In Fresno, last year, we tried to capture the 

 phylloxera, but we could not find it. It is possibly scarce there. In 

 the ground where sub-irrigation is carried on I think we will find it. 

 The surface roots are apt to bring it about. The wings form more 

 readily there. 



MR. MOTHERAL. Are there some parts of France where you find 

 our phylloxera ? 



PROF. HILGARD. Not in France, but probably so in Germany. 



MR. MOTHERAL. Is it the condition of the soil ? 



PROF. HILGARD. No, not exactly. It is mainly a fact that the 

 insects can not migrate in sandy soil; the sandy loam can not be relied 

 upon. In Germany it is quarantined. 



MR. MOTHERAL. We have just such a quarantine in our county. 

 We don't allow rooted vine cuttings or anything of that kind to come in. 

 Will such a policy as that protect us any length of time from the winged 

 family ? 



MR. HOTCHKISS. If a wagon comes from Fresno and brings you 

 a load of raisins and passes through a vineyard and takes up the surface 

 soil it is apt to bring phylloxera. 



MR. MOTHERAL. We are of the opinion that there is none of the 

 winged form in Fresno. We can not find any indication of it, or of the 

 gall form either. If we don't get the winged form we hope to escape. 



MR. HOTCHKISS. Regarding the quarantine: I am often asked the 

 question as to how the resistant cuttings are disinfected. Now, there is 

 no difficulty about that at all. If you place the cuttings in a vessel 

 that is air-tight, and fill the vessel with the fumes of bisulphide of 

 carbon, and let the cuttings remain there for twenty minutes, every 

 phylloxera germ will be killed. Just pack your cuttings into a dry- 

 goods box and set therein a saucerful of bisulphide of carbon, and let 

 them remain there from six to twelve hours with the box closed. 



PROF. HUSSMANN. Mr. Hotchkiss says there is no trouble with 

 Vitis vinifera vines, and that if you put them on rich soil they will live 

 for five or six years, and give abundant crops. I dilfer with him. I 

 think that the phylloxera in an infested district would prevent them 

 from bearing at all before they were exterminated by the insect. 

 Another thing in which I differ with him is that he says five per cent 

 of fine wines are enough for California, and that everybody should 

 strive to make common wine. These cargo wines will never establish 

 the reputation that California ought to have for fine wines. I think 

 those wineries which make up small quantities, not to exceed fifty 

 thousand gallons, and make it under the personal supervision of good 



