THE GARDENER. 



67 



even renewed, and the tree deprived of such roots as 

 cannot be brought to a horizontal position, namely, 

 that in which all the others should be placed when re- 

 planted, and if this be done as shallow as possible — a 

 satisfactory check will be occasioned, fruitfulness in- 

 duced, and flavour communicated. 



The management of dwarf standards is similar to 

 that required for tall standards, excepting that the 

 head is formed at the height of one or two feet from 

 the ground, instead of six, the usual height allowed 

 for the stems of standard trees in orchards, or where 

 under-cropping is carried on, as in market-gardens, 

 where the dwarf-headed trees would obstruct the 

 growth of vegetables for a considerable distance from 

 their stem. Dwarfs however have some important ad- 

 vantages ; a large head is sooner formed, and the fruit 

 is not so liable to be blown down. 



The French modes of training en Quenouille or en 

 Pyramide cannot be strictly adopted in this country 

 with advantage, owing to the richness of the soil and 

 moisture of the climate, circumstances w^hich are fa- 

 vourable to the production of shoots rather than fruit- 

 buds, and this tendency is farther encouraged by 

 shortening the shoots to the extent which the French 

 recommend. In both these modes, tiers of branches 

 proceed from a central stem ; in the pyramidal form 

 the branches are horizontal, each tier being successively 

 shorter than the one below. In the Quenouille the 

 branches are curved downwards, and this mode might 

 be successfully practised in this countr}', by leaving 

 the shoots at full length, care being taken that all up- 

 right shoots are shortened in summer. 



The pruning of standard pear-trees is usually con- 

 fined to the winter regulation of the branches by thin- 

 ning, and shortening where the subdivision of branches 

 is desirable or where they are too weak. Wall and 

 espalier trees require both a summer and winter prua- 



