CLOSE PRUNING FOR THE OPEN AIR. 105 



buds on the other side of the extension, e. This 

 group will be of service hereafter, probably as a 

 May cluster. 



The lateral represented is a fair specimen. 

 Others more striking could as easily have been 

 shown 5 some which by stopping have forked and 

 become double shoots, which can be left at such, 

 and others equally useful. Of course, the double 

 shoot is nearer perfection, provided it divide very 

 near the base. In M. Grin's practice he does not, 

 however, attach so much importance to having 

 more than one shoot from the same base, but it 

 multiplies the chance of fruit, especially in the 

 open air. 



No. 15. — Close Pruning for the Open Air. 



Under this term we comprehend both the summer- 

 stopping of the shoots, and their winter regulation. 



Although the work for the winter depends 

 entirely on the condition of the shoots after their 

 summer growth, it is common to see them compa- 

 ratively neglected during this important period ; 

 consequently, the winter pruning is made to assume 

 an undue pre-eminence, which all modern experi- 

 ence tends to show to be an error. By reiterated 

 close pruning of summer wood, the trees assume 

 an appearance which has been termed " cordon," 



