ORCHARD-HOUSE PRUNING AND TRAINING. 139 



the wall radiation and shelter if these were not 

 restrained ; but in orchard-houses this is not the 

 case. There, forerights are the rule rather than 

 the exception. Flat diagonal cordons, then, are 

 easy of formation, and can be trained without any 

 more difficulty than fan-shaped cordons. Of late 



1 have gradually been led to adopt a larger form 

 of the diagonal. In the new house just planted 

 the trees are placed as single cordons, being old 

 trees transplanted, and the oldest in England of 

 this form, against a 13-feet back wall, at intervals 

 of 15 inches. All the roots were found to have 

 been produced in a forward direction, towards the 

 light, and thus no difficulty arose in planting or 

 transplanting from lateral development, as we 

 expected. These trees have straight stems about 



2 inches thick, and the spurs on them are generally 

 half an inch in thickness. On these spurs are from 

 six to ten shoots, which project forward, and are 

 sometimes spread out symmetrically by ties. 

 These large spurs and shoots require but little 

 winter pruning, as most of the shoots on them are 

 of classes 5 and 7. They look exactly like a small 

 bush tree grown in an eight-inch pot, and could 

 bear nearly as well. In replanting these trees the 

 lower portion of each alternate one is now made to 

 project about 12 inches from the wall, the re- 

 mainder lying close to it. The object of this is to 



