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as possible all the stuff under the millstone, so that it should 

 only be emptied slowly through the action of the millstone, 

 and principally on the lower side, or in E. 

 It is of the utmost importance, in building a mill of the kind, 

 to choose for the beds large hard stones well cemented 

 together, and for the millstone one heavy and hard. Granite 

 is the best kind of stone for the purpose, but it is often 

 beyond the reach of many on account of the great expense 

 of having it made or on account of its heavy freight. Next 

 in quality are red marbles ; ordinary building stones, bricks 

 and woods, are of no use, for they wear out too soon, and 

 absorb, also, a considerable quantity of oil, which is not only 

 lost, but, by its getting rancid, communicates to the oil made 

 afterwards the leaven of rancidity that prevents it from 

 keeping. 



The whole surface of this structure, as well as the millstone and 

 the basis of the beams, ought to be washed with warm water 

 every time they are put in motion ; and if they have not 

 been worked for some time, it is better, before using them, 

 to rub them over, so as to take away any rancid oil that 

 might have secreted itself within the crevices. 



As we have said already, the proportions of the mill can vary 

 accordingly ; but it is necessary, in all cases, that the shaft, 

 CD, should be at the same height as the horse's chest, for if 

 the beam should be too low the horse would be soon tired, 

 and if too high the millstone would be lifted up too often, 

 and answer imperfectly its office. On the whole, it is better 

 to make the horse turn rather at a slow than at a quick pace : 

 but too slow a walk has also its inconveniences, if we only 

 take into consideration the loss of time. A few days' ex- 

 perience will teach more than a whole volume of good 

 advice. 



The mill represented in figure 2 is constructed on quite different 

 principles. The part A is also a wall, but the higher portion 

 of it, instead of being on the incline, is of the shape of a 

 circular trough. In this trough, EF, which is of the depth 

 of about six or eight inches, is the millstone, BB, to the axis 

 of which are attached two little chains at the points LL, and 

 behind which is tied a rake or " servant," H. This rake or 

 servant, which is curved or bent like a semi-circle one way, 

 and like the shape of the trough on the other, brings back 

 towards the middle of the trough the husks that, through 

 the movement of the millstone, might stick to the sides. It 

 spares hand labor. 



When animals are made to turn the mill, it is well to bandage 

 their eyes to prevent giddiness. 



Horses and mules are made to turn the mills, but oxen are pre- 

 ferred by some people on account of their steady pace. 



It is not reasonable to work a horse for more than two hours at 

 once ; six hours' work is enough for any horse, although it is 

 nothing unusual to see them overworked. 



It is, besides, so very easy to increase the velocity of the mill 

 without tiring the horse. There might be a little more out- 

 lay at the beginning, but it will amply with time, as it will 

 spare horseflesh. To obtain the result required, it is neces- 



