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sary to erect a large beam ; at the point K a round block 

 with spindles is attached, and, at a distance of about six 

 or eight feet, on a granite pedestal, another beam parallel 

 to the first one. Opposite, and at a corresponding height, 

 secured to this beam, is a large cog-wheel. The horse 

 turns this last beam, and will, as a natural consequence, 

 make the millstone turn quicker, for the larger the wheel 

 and the smaller the other block opposite, the more evolutions 

 will be performed by the smaller beam ; so that if the block 

 had only ten spindles, and the wheel a hundred cogs, the 

 mill would perform ten evolutions while the horse goes round 

 once. If the locality did not allow a distance of six or eight 

 feet to be put between the wall and the beam turned by the 

 horse, it could be remedied by putting hi:n either above (in 

 a higher story), or below in another compartment. (See 

 figure 3, which design (vertical) shews this kind of mill-) 



Plate P. — If water power be at hand it would be wise to make use of it, 

 as it spares horse flesh, and also because the work can go on 

 without interruption. One can vary the construction of the 

 wheel, as all depends on the force of the water power, and the 

 height of its fall. In plate P, figure I, is represented one of 

 these mills, supposed to be put into motion by a weak fall of 

 water, but from a good height. Watercourse A puts in 

 motion wheel B, which, by means of the axis CC, and the 

 perpendicular and horizontal cogs DD and EE, turns beam 

 FF, and consequently the millstone GGr attached to the 

 beam. The principles of construction in this mill differ in 

 no way from the two former ones. 



The cider mills in Britany and Normandy differ from the former 

 ones, for pears and apples do not require the same amount 

 of pressure as oil-giving seeds, as the nuts of the Olive. 

 Figure 2, in plate P, gives an idea of it. 



A A, circular trough. B, rake or servant that brings back the 

 fruit under the millstone. CC, little partitions for the 

 different varieties of apples or pears. D, millstone. E, axis 

 of the millstone. F, traces for the horse. L, guide, or a 

 long light pole tied to the inner side of the horse's mouth, in 

 order to keep him at the right distance from the mill. 



The Dutch mills are considered to be the most perfect of all. 



Plate Q. — Represents the apparatus for refining the oil, and the instruments 

 used for the purpose. There is no scale in the figure, as the 

 dimensions of this kind of mill can vary according to means. 



A. — A wooden or leaden tube to lead the water into the press. 



B. — A bung stopper, through which one lets the water into the 



press. 



C. — A tank made of stone or of wood, of the best material possible, 



and built within and above of solid mason work. At the bottom 

 of this tank is a millstone with a hole in the middle of it. 



D. — A hardwood beam, generally of oak ; it is held in a vertical 



position by a cross beam F, it afterwards goes through the 

 wall CC, and through the opening made as far as II. In this 

 opening is a wheel attached to the beam. K is the pivot it 

 turns upon. 



