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ground to form a good stem, yon require a longer piece 

 to start with. Keeping then the above considerations 

 in mind, the process is as follows : — In early spring open 

 the holes to such depth within the above limits as the 

 nature of the soil admits. I may here say, that should 

 the ground and the labor have been available, it would 

 be better that the holes should have been opened during 

 the previous summer, and the soil left in the rough 

 around each to mellow. Next plant the truncheon or 

 pole upright, taking care to throw in a good layer of 

 chopped turves and leaves, decayed stable manure, or 

 any fertilizing matter which has thorougly ripened and 

 is not too hot, and filling vol firmly with the soil which 

 was taken out of the hole. Leave the ground round 

 each plant slightly hollowed to facilitate watering, which, 

 unless the ground is in a moist state, should be done at 

 once, and repeated from time to time when the weather 

 is dry. The object of enriching the bottom of the hole 

 is twofold. It stimulates the truncheon to send out 

 roots from the bottom end, and so ensures a well and 

 deeprooted tree ; while it also assists mechanically in 

 retaining moisture where it is most needed. 



The first object is sometimes endeavored to be 

 effected by cutting near the bottom of the truncheon 

 four or five nicks about one-third of an inch deep, which 

 are filled with grains of barley, a handful of which is 

 also thrown in ; but there is no magic about this method, 

 while the recommendations above given are more simple 

 and intelligible. In transplanting rooted trees from the 

 nursery, or to relieve too thickly planted rows, the same 

 precautions should be adopted. 



When the wood left above ground is long, the soil is 

 sometimes heaped round it in the form of a cone, to 

 mitigate the drying influence of the air before the plant 

 has rooted, a hole, which is kept open by a wisp of 

 straw, being made on one side to facilitate watering in 

 dry weather. 



The advantage of planting truncheons in the way 

 described (in the position which the tree is to occupy 



