82 TREATISE ON THE CULTURE AND 



I also tried an experiment by taking some shoots from a 

 South wall, opening the ground deep enough to lay them in 

 across the foot path, at the distance of about four feet from the 

 wall, and tied them to stakes, training them as espaliers^, 

 laying in the wood as directed for walls, atid keeping them as 

 low as possible, that they might not shade the bottom of the 

 wall ; I also pruned them as I do those against walls, laying 

 the shoots in very long, except those that were intended to 

 bear fruit next year, from which I took off all the side shoots 

 and runners against the wall and espaliers. In a favourable 

 season these bear very hne fruit, better than what is got from 

 the walls by the old method of pruningj. 



Always observe to use the composition as soon after prun- 

 ing as possible. As the vine is very porous, it soon imbibes 

 the wet and moisture, which brings it quickly to decay. 



If at any time a vine should be cut late in the season, it 

 will be apt to bleed much ; in that case the powder must be ap- 

 plied, repeating the application till the bleeding stopsj. 



I cut two strong vine-branches in the month of June and 

 three more in July, in very hot weather, on purpose to try the 

 elFect of the powder in stopping the bleeding. The sap rose so 

 strong that it worked out at the top in a froth ; I applied the 

 powder, which in a short time entirely stopped'it. 



I shall noxv give sorne Directions for the Watering of Vines. 



After the grapes are set and begin to swell, you may wa- 

 ter them with the Barrow Engine, sprinkling them all over the 

 leaves and fruit, pressing your fore-finger over the top of the 

 pipe ; by doing this you can throw the water as fine as small 

 rain, which will wash all the dust off the vines and leaves, 

 that are frequently covered with it, especially if the garden be 

 near a public road, as is the case at Kensington. You should 

 also wash the insects off the trees. In fine weather I sprinkle 

 all the wall-trees three times a week, which keeps them clear 



* An espalier is a tree, which is planted out in the open ground, and the 

 branches of which are trained in a horizontal direction, and tied to stakes. 

 These trees ax-e never suffered to grow more than four or five feet high. Such 

 a system of training vines would do very well for Anierica. 



f The fruit would always ripen well on espaliers, in America, where there 

 is no want of sun and heat, which are so much wanted in England, I am per- 

 suaded that espalier vines would, were all the precautions taken, produce very 

 well in any part of the Middle States. 



X In America the vines bleed much more copiously than in England. If, 

 thei-efore, the pruning be done after the sap begins to rise, great attention 

 should be paid to tht rules here laid down. 



