igii 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 47 



There is no spraying which will cure everything. 

 Use the ones which fit your case. For information 

 about insects, pests, plant diseases, and spraying, 

 write to the Botanist or the Entomologist of the 

 Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington. 



Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman 



Spraying Calendar for 1911 



R. KENT BEATTIE, Botanist 

 A. L. MELANDER, Entomologist 



Popular Bulletin No. 33, Jan. 1, 1911 



When to Spray 



What to Usn ' What to Spray for 



Notes 



FALL 



Just after tlie leaves 

 fall. 



Especially for West- 

 ern Washington 



Sulphur-lime 

 3° Beaume 



Apple cankers 



This spraying may be preceded by a spraying of bordeaux as soon as crop is 

 picked: for canker only. 



Scale insects 



l^SSS of green aphis and red spider 



Pear leaf blister mite 



Woolly aphis 



Eggs of tent caterpillar 



Moss and lichens 



Rabbits and field mice 



Write for bulletm on sulphur-lime spraymg. 



WINTER 



While the buds are 



swelling 

 Usual spraying where 



there is no canker 



Sulphur-lime 

 3° Beaume 



Bud-moth: twig borer 

 Peach leaf curl 



Too early spraying will miss these. 



Scale insects 



Eggs of green aphis and red spider 



Pear leaf blister mite 



Woolly aphis 



Rabbits and field mice 



Mildew 



Write for bulletin on sulphur-lime spraying. 



SPRING 



(1) When the flower 

 buds are ready to 

 open 



(2) While last blos- 

 soms are falling 



Sulphur-lime 



Apple scab 



Spray when central flower of cluster is about to open. 



New York apple canker 

 Prune brown rot or fruit mold 





Lead arsenate, 1-50 



Codling moth 



Use a bordeaux nozzle with a crook and spray with force from a raised plat- 

 form directly into every flower. Repeat immediately. If so applied, these 

 sprayings are usually suflicient. Keep a few trees banded. If many worms 

 are trapped, spray. Write for codling moth bulletin. 



Bud-moth : twig borer 

 Caterpillars 





SUMMER 



When pest appears 



Sulphur-lime Apple scab 



1.5° Beaume New York apple canker 



Not advisable to mix with arsenate of lead. Omit if there is little scab. 



Tobacco (or kero- 

 sene emulsion) 



Aphis (cherry aphis, etc.) 

 Woolly aphis on branches 

 Red spider 





Oyster shell bark louse 



About June 15 for newly hatched young. 



Leaf hoppers 



Spray early, before they acquire wings. 



Lead arsenate 



Pear and cherry slug 



Use 1 pound to 75 gallons; or dust with lime, ashes or road dust. 



Sulphur-lime 

 1.5° Beaume 



Caterpillars 



Colorado potato beetle 



Use 1 pound to 40 gallons. 



Fruit spot (Baldwin spot; punk rot) 



Early in July. (Treatment in experimental stage.) 



Mildew 

 Red spider 



Young of oyster shell louse 





Trunk borer; flat-head borer j Keep trunk coated all summer; best to add excess lime. 



Bordeaux 



Flea beetles 



Cutworms 



Grasshoppers 



As a repellant. 



Pests controlled by other remedies than 

 spraying 



Potato blight 



July 1-13; repeat in two weeks. If much blight near by, give third applica- 

 tion two or three weeks later. 



Pear blight (fire blight of pear and 

 apple) 



Prune out every sign of blight, cutting well below the disease. Swab every 

 cut with corrosive sublimate (1-1,000 of water). Clean the tool often with 

 carbolic acid or you will spread the blight with each cut. 



Western tomato blight 



Set out strong plants close together, or plant the seed thickly in the rows. 

 Give best of care, shade, and plenty of water. You will probably lessen 

 the blight. 



Potato scab 



Soak seed for two hours in formalin, 1 pound to 30 gallons of water, then cut 

 and plant. Do not plant in soil where scabby potatoes were grown. 



Smut of wheat and oats 



Spray the seed thoroughly with formalin, 1 pound to 45 gallons of water. 

 Cover and let it lie in a pile two hours. Dry and plant with clean seeder. 



Root maggot of radish, turnip, cab- 

 bage, etc. 



Spray soil with carbolated lime, before maggots appear. Repeat often. Culti- 

 vate well after crop is removed. Place a three-inch tarred paper collar on 

 young cabbage plants. 



Cabbage worms 



Paris green 1 part, bran 40 parts; mix well. Dust the plants before the 

 worms eat in. 



Climbing cutworms 

 Garden cutworms 



Paris green 1 part, bran 40 parts; make a mash by adding water. Season 

 with a little molasses, stale beer or salt. Scatter by spoonfuls before plant- 

 ing, or among plants. 



Woolly aphis on roots 



Expose the roots as much as practicable and spray with tobacco, kerosene 

 emulsion or sulphur-lime. Root treatment is not completely reliable. 



Fumigation for insects 



For nursery stock, use 1 ounce cyan- 

 ide to 100 cubic feet 



For grafts and scions, use % ounce 

 cyanide to lOli cubic feet 



To every ounce of strong potassium cyanide (poison) add lYi liquid ounces 

 sulphuric acid diluted with ounces water. The gas generated is 

 extremely poisonous. Fumigate 30 to 45 minutes. 



HOW TO SPRAY 

 Spray thoroughly. Direct your attention to the 

 hardest places to reach. Cover every surface. Wet 

 behind the buds. Reach the bottom of every crack. 

 Fill the lower calyx cup. Do not try to economize 

 on spray. 



For all orchard spraying use a high pressure 

 pump (at least 200 pounds). Use bordeaux nozzles 

 only. Use an eight-foot spray rod. Have a crook 

 to set the nozzles at an angle of 45 degrees. Spray 

 from a tower if the trees are beyond your reach. 

 BORDEAUX 



Bluestone C pounds 



Good lime 4 pounds 



Water 50 gallons 



Dissolve the bluestone by susjiending it in a sack 

 in 25 gallons of water in a barrel. Slake the lime 

 in another vessel, adding a little water slowly, and 

 dilute to 25 gallons. Mix the two thoroughly. Even 

 the best bordeaux may scorch in rainy weather. 



For double strength bordeaux use twice as much 

 bluestone and lime. 



TOBACCO 



Tobacco leaves 1 pound 



Water 4 gallons 



Simmer for one hour and strain. Two pounds 

 of tobacco dust or ground tobacco may be substi- 

 tuted for the leaves. "Black Leaf" extract may be 

 used, 1 part to 65 of water. 



A little Lysol added to tobacco sprays greatly 

 increases their value, and permits further dilution. 



SULPHUR-LIME 



Sulphur 1 pound 



Fresh stone lime V2 pound 



Water gallon 



Slake the lime in tlie cooker. Add the sulphur 

 and the water. Boil briskly till the sulphur is 

 dissolved (about 45 minutes), stirring continually, 

 and keeping the cooker covered. As it boils down 

 keep adding water. When finished let settle. Use 

 only the clear liquid, which may be stored if kept 

 from the air. Prepared in this way, sulphur-lime 

 should have a hydrometer reading of about 26°, a 

 little weaker than tlie factory-made product. 



For use, any concentrated sulphur-lime may be 

 diluted according to the following table: 



Hydrometer Test 



of Concentrate 

 Degrees Specific 

 Beaume gravity 



34 1.302. 



32 1.279. 



30 1.257. 



28 1.236. 



26 1.215. 



24 1.196. 



20 1.158. 



le 1.122. 



To Make Dilute Spray 

 Beaume 5° Beaume 1.5° 



Sp. gr. 1.02 

 I lb. sulphur 

 in 5 gallons 

 I to 14 of water 

 13 

 12 

 11 

 10 

 9 

 7 

 6 



Sp. gr. I.OI 

 I lb. sulphur 

 in 10 gallons 

 1 to 28 of water 

 26 

 24 

 22 

 20 

 18 

 14 

 11 



ARSENATE OF LEAD 



Arsenate of lead 1 pound 



Water 50 gallons 



For newly hatched insects it is not necessary to 

 use it stronger. Mix well first with a small amount 

 of water. Powdered arsenate of lead is about twice 

 as strong as the paste. Do not use arsenate that 

 settles quickly. 



CARBOLATED LIME 



Lime 10 pounds 



Water 50 gallons 



Carbolic acid 1 pint or more 



Slake the lime with a little water, add the rest 

 of the water and the carbolic acid. 



KEROSENE EMULSION 



Kerosene 2 gallons 



Whale-oil soap Y2 pound 



Water 1 gallon 



Dissolve the soap in the water by boiling, and 

 add the suds boiling hot to the kerosene, away from 

 the fire. The mixture is then to be agitated vio- 

 lently, preferably by pumping it back on itself with 

 a force pump. After four or five minutes the mix- 

 ture suddenly becomes creamy in consistence. If 

 well made, the cream will stand for a long time 

 without free oil rising to the surface. Unless 

 otherwise stated, use 1 gallon of the emulsion to 

 12 gallons of water in spraying. One quart soft 

 soap or 1 pound laundry soap may be used instead 

 of the whale-oil soap. 



