Page 82 



BETTER FRUIT 



February 



tection as those of the first brood, and 

 we find them entering the apple in 

 exposed as well as protected places. The 

 worms of the second generation require 

 about the same time to develop as those 

 of the first. 



Second generation worms practical!)' 

 all have the wintering-over instinct, so 

 they seek well protected places after 

 emerging from the fruit, and there 

 remain until the following spring. 



The facts in this life history have been 

 utilized by entomologists to determine 

 the correct method of applying sprays. 

 As a large number of the first generation 

 worms enter at the blossom end it is 

 apparent that a deposit of poison at this 

 point should be very effective. In order 

 to get spray material into the calyx cup 

 it is necessary to do the spraying before 

 the cup closes. 



The ideal time for this spraying is 

 now conceded to be when about 80% of 

 the blossoms have fallen. If the calyx 

 cup spraying is not applied it is then 

 necessary to protect the outer surface 

 of the fruit, and also the foliage, at a time 



FRUIT BOXES 



"Larch" Apple Boxes and 

 Strawberry Crates our specialty 



BUILDING MATERIAL 



We carry a complete line. Lumber, Shin- 

 gles, Lath, Plaster, Cement, Lime, Sash and 

 Doors, Brick, Roofing, Building Paper, etc. 



We solicit your patronage 



Bridal Veil Lumbering Co. 

 Hood River, Oregon 



DO YOU WRITE? 



We are the only publishing house in the country 

 combining the publishing and dramatization of 

 books. Among our book and plays successes are 

 "Quincy Adams Sawyer," "Miss Petticoats," 

 "Blennerhassett," "The Climax," "Marjie of the 

 Lower Ranch," "Hope Hathaway," etc. Send us 

 your manscript. It may be just what we want. 

 We also publish school books. 



THE C. 



M. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. 

 Boston, Massachusetts 



W. F. LARAWAY 



DOCTOR OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 



EYES 

 TESTED 



LENSES 

 GROUND 



Over 30 Years' Experience 



Telescopes, Field Glasses 



Magnifiers to examine scale 



Hood River 



Oregon 



and 



Glenwood 

 Iowa 



Market Gardeners' Paper 



Weekly Market Growers Journal — only paper 

 printed especially for vegetable growers. $1.00 

 a year, 52 issues. For 10 cents and names of 

 three market gardeners we will send it ten weeks 

 with our popular booklet, "$25,000 a Year From 

 Twelve Acres." Send for free sample copies — it 

 is the best way to judge. 



MARKET GROWERS JOURNAL 

 546 Walker Building, Louisville, Kentucky 



just previous to the appearance of the 

 first worm. 



The spraying methods of the various 

 localities will vary according to the regu- 

 larity with which the moths develop; 

 that is, if the insects all emerge and lay 

 eggs at about the same time it is possible 

 to control them with one application, 

 but if this emergence is drawn out 

 through a considerable period some extra 

 sprayings will be necessary. 



The coast districts of California offer 

 an example of the long drawn out 

 emergence of the first brood. The calyx 

 cups of the apple close about the middle 

 of April, but the first worms may not 

 appear until May is well advanced, and 

 usualjy there is a considerable hatching 

 in the early part of June. 



During this period the fruit is growing 

 rapidly, so as to require more than one 

 spraying to protect it. 



In these localities the second brood 

 worms are also irregular in their appear- 

 ance. The attack commences in August 

 and advances in October. In some 

 localities the calyx cup spraying, if prop- 

 erly applied, is surprisingly effective, and 

 in certain cases has proved all that is 

 required for the control. 



Under average California conditions 

 the calyx cup spraying is an important 

 factor, but does not effect the complete 

 control, for the reason that too many 

 worms enter at other places. 



In order to make use of the facts in 

 the life history of the codling moth it 

 was necessary to have a suitable poison 

 or spray material. The chemical side of 

 the problem is then quite as important 

 as the entomological. Especially is this 

 true in any locality where the trees are 

 likely to be injured by spraying. 



The discovery that arsenic would poi- 

 son codling worms, and so reduce the 

 number of wormy apples was made many 

 years ago. Paris green soon came into 

 favor because it was found to be less 

 injurious than white arsenic, and for 

 many years this material was the stand- 

 ard spray for the codling moth. 



Paris green was regarded by chemists 

 as insoluble in water, and, therefore, 

 could not injure the foliage when sufii- 

 ciently pure, but it later developed that 

 injury took place, under certain condi- 

 tions, even with the very purest samples. 



This was especially true in the Pajaro 

 Valley, and so serious were the results 

 of spraying for the codling moth that the 

 apple growers had begun to fear that 

 the worms could not be controlled. It 

 was very apparent that the problem of 

 spraying under the climatic conditions of 

 the Pacific Coast had to be carefully 

 studied. 



The investigation of this problem was 

 undertaken by the University of Califor- 

 nia in 1903, and has been continued up 

 to the present time. Paris green was 

 soon discarded as entirely unsuitable, 

 and the remainder of the investigation 

 has been directed to the study of arsen- 

 ate of lead. This compound of arsenic 

 is very much more stable and insoluble 

 than any other known. 



The solubility of arsenate of lead in 

 water was considered so low that it 

 would never cause any injury, but the 



climatic conditions of the Pajaro Valley 

 soon demonstrated this conclusion to be 

 erroneous, and it was found that great 

 injury might result from spraying with 

 this newer insecticide, but the fact that 

 certain lots of arsenate of lead which 

 came to hand did no injury encouraged 

 us to believe that the difficulty might be 

 controlled. This was done after a very 

 exhaustive investigation of arsenate of 

 lead and other arsenicals. 1 



The trouble was found to lie in the fact 

 that several compounds might be formed 

 when arsenic acid and lead oxide are 

 combined. The only one of these com- 

 pounds which meets the requirements — 

 that is, sufficient insolubility in water — is 

 the ortho compound. Two other arsen- 

 ates exist, and are likely to occur in 

 arsenates of lead. These are the pyro 

 and meta compounds. 



Arsenate of lead has now become the 

 standard arsenical, and a considerable 

 number of commercial brands are in use 

 at the present time. These brands are 

 almost exclusively either mixtures of 



The Forkncr Light Draft Harrow 



Is the only perfect light running wheel cultivator 

 ever offered for orchard work. Each section is so 

 easily manipulated with levers that a small boy 

 can operate it and cultivate perfectly 30 acres 

 per day with one team of medium weight. Works 

 well in stumpy or stony land and does not clog 

 with loose grass, roots, etc. Its extension of 11 

 feet, 3% feet each side of the team, enables per- 

 fect dust mulching near the tree trunks without 

 disturbing the branches or fruit, and eliminates 

 the use of the hoe. One machine will work 100 

 acres of orchard and keep it in garden tilth. 

 These machines are labor savers and will reduce 

 your cultivating expenses one-half even if you 

 have but 5 or 10 acres of orchard. Full particu- 

 lars upon request. Address LIGHT DRAFT 

 HARROW COMPANY, Marshalltown, Iowa. 



SAMSDN¥IHDMIILS 



The Wind Mill 

 that is different from 

 all other makes and 

 better because it has 

 double gear wheels 

 and carries the load 

 between these and 

 in the center of the 

 mill. There is no side 

 strain, nor any noise on 

 the up and down stroke 

 like there is with other 

 mills. Built in the following 

 sizes: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 

 1 6, 1 8 and 20-foot diameter. 

 Send for catalog. 



Stover. Mfg. Co.. mfrs. 



AI.SO Feed Mills S Gasoline Engines 

 25 2 Samson Ave, Free port. III. 



HARVEY BOLSTER SPRINGS 



^Soon save their cost. Make every waeon a iprlnf i 

 I nagOD, therefore fruit, vegetables, czzs, etc., 

 I briae more money. Ask for special proposition. 

 lUaneyBprlnfCo..^^ .17th St, Bnelno, Wb. 



FREE TRIAL TO YOU 



WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



