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BETTER FRUIT 



Page 83 



ortho or pyro or contain straight pyro. 



\ Notwithstanding this fact arsenate of 

 lead is generally considered a safe spray, 



\ and very little complaint is heard regard- 

 ing foliage injliry over most of the 

 United States. 



These facts may cause people who are 

 not acquainted with the conditions pre- 

 vailing on the Pacific Coast, and espe- 

 cially in the Pajaro Valley, to fail to 

 appreciate the exact requirements of the 

 case. Also, it is not stirprising that 

 chemists and entomologists in general 

 have been satisfied with a very incom- 

 plete knowledge of the chemistry of 

 arsenate of lead. 



The local conditions in the Pajaro 

 A'alley made it imperative to study this 

 problem, v/ith the resulting important 

 additions to our knowledge of spray 

 materials. These climatic conditions 

 which have been referred to consist in 

 the great abundance of wet fogs and 

 dews, which occur almost every night. 

 The foliage becomes thoroughly wet, but 

 does not always drip, and a great many 

 of the leaves retain the water until it 

 dries up during the day. 



This is just the ideal condition for the 

 gradual solution and absorption of the 

 arsenic. If the arsenical is soluble in 

 water and affected by weathering, then 

 the repeated and long continued action 

 of small amounts of water would give 

 the maximum effect. Any injuries in the 

 surface of the leaf admits the fog water 

 to the internal tissue. This water carries 

 with it any substance which it may hold 

 in solution. 



If the arsenic in the spray deposits is 

 being dissolved the time soon arrives 

 when enough is introduced into the 

 leaves to cause injury. The tissue begins 

 to die around the points where the fog 

 water gains entrance to the leaves, and 

 these spots gradually enlarge until they 

 may cover the greater portion of the leaf. 



Before this time arrives many of the 

 leaves turn yellow and fall. The falling 

 of the leaves frequently occurs much in 

 advance of the normal autumn shedding, 

 and with bad cases of arsenical injury 

 the trees are frequently quite bare by the 

 end of August. The early loss of the 

 foliage prevents the proper maturing of 

 the fruit, with resultant small and com- 

 paratively worthless apples. 



The arsenic also penetrates into the 

 wood tissue, probably being carried by 

 the sap vessels from the leaves. The 

 amount which enters the wood is too 

 small to cause the death of the tissue, 

 but it greatly impairs the general vigor 

 of the tree. 



The early falling and killing of the 

 leaves results in poor general nutrition 

 conditions, which in itself causes pro- 

 found disturbances of the normal growth 

 for at least two years in the worst cases. 



Anyone is able to appreciate the fact 

 that these bad cases of arsenical injury 

 must be avoided. On the other hand, 

 we find very few orchardists, or even 

 authorities, prepared to admit that slight 

 injuries, such as may occur in the drier 

 sections, may be worth considering. 



It is my opinion that the experience 

 of the Pajaro Valley is a very timely 



warning to the entire apple producing 

 area of the country, for it must be con- 

 ceded that a material which does marked 

 injury under the coast conditions will 

 have more tendency to injure elsewhere 

 than one which is harmless in the most 

 trying circumstances. The orchards of 

 the Pajaro Valley may then be taken as 

 a sort of indicator to judge what a cor- 

 rect spray material should be. 



What the ultimate effects of applying 

 arsenicals which may produce injury will 

 be no one can now say. Under the cir- 

 cumstances it certainly would be the 

 wisest thing to take no unnecessary 

 chances. 



If the codling worm can be controlled 

 satisfactorily with the ortho-arsenate of 

 lead, then that arsenate should be used 

 in preference to any other kind. The 

 control of the codling moth with the 

 very insoluble ortho compound has been 

 demonstrated, not only for the Pacific 

 Coast districts, but in many other parts 

 of the country. 



Perhaps there would never have been 

 any agitation in Colorado had all the 

 arsenicals applied been in the form of 

 ortho arsenate of lead. 



With a correct spray material and a 

 precise knowledge of the life history of 

 the codling moth, it should be possible 

 to outline a thoroughly satisfactory spray 

 program. This will differ for the various 

 localities in the country, but it may 

 roughly be outlined as follows: Spray 

 very thoroughly just before all the blos- 

 soms have fallen, endeavoring to force 



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THE BAKER MANUFACTURING CO., 542 Hunter BIdg., Chicago, lU. 



WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



