Page JO 



BETTER FRUIT 



March 



ling moth is not a very effective measure 

 from the fact that the majority of the 

 worms leave the fruit before it falls to 

 the ground. In Ohio it was shown by 

 experiment that 72% of codling moth 

 larvae leave the apples either before the 

 apples have fallen or within twenty-four 

 hours after. On the other hand, the 

 destruction of windfall apples is to be 

 highly recommended for destroying cur- 

 culio larvae. Since apples containing 

 curculio larvae invariably drop to the 

 ground before the curculio is matured, 

 the destruction of such windfalls, either 

 by picking up the fruit by hand or pas- 

 turing with hogs, would destroy many 

 of the insects. 



Cultivation of orchards is one of the 

 best of procedures for curculio destruc- 

 tion. It keeps the orchard free from 

 many of the desirable hibernation places 

 for the adults, and it unquestionably 

 destroys a high per cent of the insects 

 in the ground. Shallow cultivations in 

 the months July and August will crush 

 many larvae and pupae of this insect 

 which are present in greatest numbers 

 just beneath the surface of the earth at 

 this time, as shown by the life history 

 studies of curculio. It is possible that 



ing the fruit in something the same man- 

 ner as the codling moth, and found to 

 be controlled by the sprayings recom- 

 mended. 



The apple curculio (Anthonomus quad- 

 rigibbus Say), the plum-gouger (Antho- 

 nomus scutellaris Lee), and other cur- 

 culios are known to be present in Mis- 

 souri apple orchards and are, to a degree, 

 repressed by these treatments. 



The apple tent - caterpillar (Malaco- 

 soma americana Fab.) is often very abun- 

 dant and destructive to the foliage early 

 in the spring, and the addition of the 

 arsenical to the dormant spray before 

 bloom and the sprays following this usu- 

 ally results in cleaning them out. 



The spring canker-worm (Paleacrita 

 vernata Peck), which begins its feeding 

 so early, is likewise reduced by the arsen- 

 ical in the spring dormant spray and by 

 those following. 



Through the spring or summer, during 

 the times of the sprays, come the apple 

 leaf-crumpler (Mineola indiginella Zell.), 

 the apple leaf-rollers (Archips rosaceana 

 Har. and A. argyrospila Walk.), apple 

 leaf - skeletonizer (Canarsia hammondi 

 Riley), green fruit-worms (Xylina Sp.), 

 white - marked tussock-moth (Hemero- 



CLARK SEEDLING STRAWBERRIES FROM 



Photograph by C. C. Hutchins 

 WHITE SALMON VALLEY, WASHINGTON 



a cultivation at this time, or other times, 

 succeeds in destroying some of the cod- 

 ling moth larvae which are occasionally 

 known to enter cracks and hiding places 

 in the earth near the base of the trees. 



The thinning of overloaded trees in 

 the summer is often an opportunity for 

 removing apples bearing these insects, 

 and the destruction of such apples and 

 worms at least may prevent their further 

 damage and leave a higher per cent of 

 perfect fruit upon the tree. 



There are many useful natural insect 

 parasites and other enemies of both cur- 

 culio and codling moth which attack 

 them in practically all their stages, and 

 assist very materially in preventing the 

 damage from them being far greater 

 than it is. 



In summarizing the valuable results 

 accruing from the sprays which have 

 been recommended upon apples against 

 the curculio and codling moth, the fact 

 must not be overlooked that secondary 

 results are often secured in the destruc- 

 tion of other insects with these same 

 sprays which often more than pay for 

 the cost of the treatment. 



The lesser apple worm (Enarmonia 

 prunivora Walsh) has been found to be 

 present in considerable numbers, attack- 



campa leucostigma S. and A.), bag-worms 

 (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw.), 

 apple bud-worm (Olethrentes malanum 

 Fern.), lesser apple leaf-folder (Peronea 

 minuta Rob.), and many other leaf or 



CLARK SEEDLING STRAWBERRIES 

 IN BLOOM 



fruit-feeding pests, against which these 

 arsenate of lead sprays are effective. 



Some of these insects make blemishes 

 in fruit resembeling so closely the blem- 

 ishes caused by curculio or codling moth 

 that they are scarcely distinguishable, 

 and it is necessary to make almost con- 

 ntiuous observations in the orchard dur- 

 ing the summer when the injuries are 

 being made in order to be able to identify 

 them at harvest. This is especially true 

 of injuries resembling the punctures of 

 the plum curculio. Certain classes of 

 punctures resulting in the deep pits or 

 "dimples" in apples have previously been 

 classified as the injuries from curculio, 

 though experimenters had noted that 

 they were unable to prevent such injuries 

 by arsenical sprays. In the course of the 

 studies of apple blemishes in 1908, the 

 writer first discovered these "dimples" in 

 apples to be the result, not of curculio 

 punctures, but of pits made at egg-laying 

 in very small apples by the tarnished 

 plant-bug. This insect is one feeding by 

 sucking plant juices, and is, therefore, not 

 killed by arsenicals, and the observation 

 is of interest since it explains the cause 

 of the presence of a few of these unique 

 injuries in orchards where the curculio 

 is controlled. Some of the "dimpled" 

 apples are shown in Figs. 15 to IS. 



RASPBERRY FIELD OF A. F. STREBLOWS, SUMNER, WASHINGTON 



