Page 64 



BETTER FRUIT 



March 



paring checks with the trees receiving 

 only the first spraying. 



The second spraying was applied when 

 the trees were well covered with foliage, 

 making it necessary to increase the dilu- 

 tion. The dilution used was one-fourth 

 winter strength, but applied with the 

 usual thoroughness. As a result of the 

 spraying the Newtowns suffered consid- 

 erable foliage injury. Young leaves were 

 scorched and older ones fell quite freely 

 in two weeks after the spraying. The 

 White Winter Pearmains did not suffer 



to nearly as great an extent, and the 

 control of the mildew obtained enabled 

 this variety to make a better growth than 

 the checks. The injury to the Newtowns 

 was greater than the benficial efTect, so 

 that the trees were retarded in growth. 



The third spraying was applied with 

 a still greater dilution (one-sixth winter 

 strength), but was followed by still fur- 

 ther injury of the kind caused by the 

 second spraying. This injury was sup- 

 plemented by the typical sulphur effect 

 obtained in the other experiments — that 



is, the falling of young fruit, which 

 amounted to about 40 per cent of the 

 total. 



The fourth spraying was only applied 

 to half the trees and was increased in 

 dilution to one-tenth winter strength. 

 This application caused still further fall- 

 ing of leaves from the Newtowns. The 

 accumulative effect of these sprayings 

 was now noticeable with the White Pear- 

 mains, although these trees demonstrated 

 their advantage over the checks through- 

 out the season. The Newtowns, on the 

 other hand, were injured more than bene- 

 fited by the applications. 



Arsenate of lead is quite likely to injure 

 foliage unless it is the pure ortho com- 

 pound Phs (As O4) 2, or one part of 

 arsenic oxide to 2.90 parts of lead oxide. 

 This danger of arsenic poisoning makes 

 it imperative that whatever mixtures or 

 substances are used with it it must be 

 of such nature as not to break down the 

 compound and release arsenic. The sol- 

 uble sulphides are capable of decompos- 

 ing arsenate of lead, and so it is not wise 

 to use this arsenical in a mixture con- 

 taining lime-sulphur solution. The insol- 

 uble sulphides, on the other hand, are 

 not active chemically in neutral or 

 alkalin mixtures, and so permit the use 

 of arsenate of lead in a mixture contain- 

 ing them. 



The fact that lime-sulphur solution and 

 arsenate of lead have been mixed and 

 applied together without apparent injury 

 in certain cases merely means that under 

 the conditions of the experiment arsenic 

 sulphide was not injurious to the trees. 



Since the mildew must be treated dur- 

 ing the growth season it is a great eco- 

 nomic advantage if the codling moth can 

 be handled at the same time. With this 

 end in view, arsenate of lead was used 

 in the iron and copper sulphide experi- 

 ments. These combined applications 

 produced no injury that could be attrib- 

 uted to arsenic, and the control of the 

 worms was excellent, as the tabulated 

 results will show. 



Barium carbonate was used with the 

 lime-sulphur solution application with 

 the same end in view — that is, the con- 

 trol of the codling moth. Salts of barium 

 have been suggested as insecticides, and 

 experiments with the carbonate proved 

 It to be almost free from foliage injuring 

 properties. There is no reaction between 

 the soluble sulphides and barium car- 

 bonate, so this mixture could be used 

 without fear of complications. The tabu- 

 lated results show that barium carbonate 

 was not successful in controlling the 

 codling moth. 



Any substance applied as a spray may 

 be beneficial, neutral or injurious; that 

 is, the substance has a direct physio- 

 logical effect. The effect of the sulphur 

 applications upon the trees have already 

 been frequently referred to, but a more 

 exact statement of these effects seems 

 pertinent. 



Sulphur applied as a spray (suspended 

 in water) seems to have no physiological 

 action early in the season (blooming 

 time to three weeks later). When 

 applied seven to nine weeks after bloom- 

 ing sulphur may cause falling of the 

 young fruit. This shedding of fruit takes 



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