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plete absence of the apple scab from all 

 the plots sprayed with iron sulphide, 

 copper sulphide and lime-sulphur solu- 

 tion would also indicate that this fungus 

 may be controlled by the use of sul- 

 phur sprays. 



The greedy scale appeared to be quite 

 as abundant on fruit from the sprayed 

 White Winter Pearmains as the checks, 

 with the exception of those sprayed with 

 the lime-sulphur solution, including the 

 check (k), which received only the March 

 spraying. These results would indicate 

 that spraying with the lime-sulphur solu- 

 tion just previous to the opening of the 

 blossoms will have a decided effect upon 

 the greedy scale even when only half 

 winter strength is used. 



The results with barium carbonate 

 show quite conclusively that the sub- 

 stance is not capable of controlling the 

 codling moth when used as a spray. 

 These plots also show that a very con- 

 siderable control of the codling moth is 

 obtainable by late spraying with arsenate 

 of lead (j). 



Perhaps the most important results are 

 those indicated by plot (h), which shows 

 that for bearing trees the entire benefit 

 from iron sulphide spraying is derived in 

 the spring and early summer. The New- 

 town plots indicate the same thing, as 

 will be seen by comparing (a) and (b). 

 All the Newtown plots show a marked 

 control of the greedy scale by the insol- 

 uble sulphide application, comparing (a~t 

 and (b) with (c) shows a 50 per cent 

 reduction. In making the greedy scale 

 records no distinction was made between 



those fruits that had one insect and those 

 that had several upon the rind. This 

 method may have given rise to some 

 errors, as with the White Winter Pear- 

 mains more than one scale to the fruit 

 was seldom found. At any rate the dis- 

 crepancy in results with the greedy 

 scale between the Newtown and White 

 Winter Pearmain plots is hard to explain, 

 and throws doubt upon the responsibility 

 of the sulphur applications in producing 

 these results. 



What we have called iron sulphide is 

 a somewhat complexed body produced 

 by the precipitation of a water solution 

 of iron sulphate (ferrous sulphate) with 

 the lime-sulphur solution. The reaction 

 throws down iron sulphide insoluble, and 

 also calcium sulphate (gypsum), where 

 the amount of water present is not suffi- 

 cient to dissolve this substance. When 

 these reactions are completed there is a 

 considerable amount of sulphur left over, 

 and, as there is nothing for it to combine 

 with, it appears in the free state, or pre- 

 cipitated sulphur. Hence iron sulphide 

 as used in experiments herein described 

 is a mixture of iron sulphide, gypsum 

 and precipitated sulphur. 



In preparing iron sulphide the sul- 

 phate of iron (copperas) is dissolved in 

 water at the rate of one pound to 1.5 or 

 2 gallons and then this solution precipi- 

 tated with lime-sulphur solution. For 

 this purpose it is most convenient to use 

 the commercial solution, but if this can- 

 not be obtained it may be prepared 

 according to the formula given in a fol- 

 lowing paragraph. While adding the 



lime-sulphur solution the iron sulphate 

 solution is stirred constantly, and only 

 enough of the lime-sulphur solution is 

 added to completely precipitate the iron. 

 When this end point is reached the mix- 

 ture becomes colored with the lime- 

 sulphur solution. Before the end point 

 the mixture is a thick black muck sus- 

 pended in a clear colorless liquid. The 

 end point is rather hard to determine 

 exactly because of the thick black mass 

 in which the color must be distinguished. 

 In order to insure the absence of soluble 

 sulphides and sulphates we wash this 

 precipitate in several changes of water. 

 For this purpose about double the orig- 

 inal quantity of water is added and then 

 the precipitate well agitated, after which 

 it is allowed to settle for several hours. 

 The clear liquid is then decanted, and 

 if the lime-sulphur solution is in excess 

 it will have the color of that solution, 

 but if the iron sulphate is in excess the 

 liquid will be colorless. If the liquid is 

 colored with lime-sulphur solution the 

 washing process is repeated until the 

 color disappears. 



The exact quantity of lime-sulphur 

 solution is something that cannot be very 

 well stated, as the strength or concen- 

 tration of this solution is subject to con- 

 siderable variation. With the commer- 

 cial solution of 33 degrees Beaume one 

 pound of iron sulphate will require about 

 0.232 gallons of the solution. This quan- 

 tity can be multiplied by the number of 

 pounds of iron used to give total quantity. 



In making iron sulphide the work is 

 very conveniently done in barrels. Then 



