igii 



BETTER FRUIT 



case infection takes place when the 

 drupels contain a considerable amount 

 of water, however, they will crush 

 \'ery easily.. Fortunately late infection 

 is rather rare, as far as our observations 

 go. A greater number of drupels on ripe 

 fruit are dry enough so that they do not 

 injure the shipping quality of the fruit. 

 When the drupels become infested the 

 growth is only partially arrested. They 

 continue to grow at the base, and parti- 

 ally mature, but do not form a saleable 

 berry. 



The disease attacks the Kittatinny the 

 same as described for the Snyder. 



Of the Himalaya Giant the leaves are 

 the only part of the plant that is sus- 

 ceptible. The spots are larger and more 

 conspicuous than on the leaves of the 

 other blackberries. 



The anthracnose on the dewberry 

 (T^ucretia) differs somewhat in general 



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ABSTRACTS INSURANCE 

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appearance and action froin the .same 

 disease on the blackberry. The fruit 

 very rarely becomes infested, while the 

 disease is very marked on both the leaves 

 and stems. The shoots, as well as the 

 canes, are badly infested on the stem, 

 from a few inches from the ground to 

 a height of two or three feet. There are 

 few or no spots on the upper ends of 

 shoots. It is also noticeable that the 

 laterals of young shoots are seldom 

 attacked. When so the spots are very 

 few in numbers, and only grow to be 

 about one-third as large as the spots on 

 the main stem. On the old shoots all 

 the leaves become badly infested, while 

 on the new ones the stalks of the leaves 

 may become well covered with spots, 

 while the blades are entirely, or nearly, 

 free from them. 



The spots on the canes are sometimes 

 so numerous and close together that they 

 merge, forming large irregular patches. 

 As a rule, however, they are well scat- 

 tered. They are about two or three 

 times as large as a pin head, round' or 

 oblong in shape, and somewhat depressed. 

 The dead bark in these spots is nearly 

 white in color, and each is surrounded 

 by a reddish-brown ring. Even the very 

 small areas, when viewed closely, show 

 the white center and red ring. These 

 spots on the bright green stem give the 

 stalk a very conspicuous speckled appear- 

 ance. On the leaves the spots are even 

 more conspicuous than on the stems. 

 On the more healthy leaves the young 

 spots are minute and reddish-brown, 

 without a white center. These older 

 spots are markedly conspicuous on badly 

 infested leaves that have become light 

 yellow in color. This variety of berry 

 plant is injured greatly by the disease. 



Diseased fruit was taken from the field 

 and cultures made of all the bacteria and 

 fungi found growing on it. The forms 

 isolated (with the exception of the form, 

 the spores of which resembled the spore 

 of the fungus causing the disease of the 

 stems and leaves, known as anthracnose) 

 grew readily, and were soon available for 

 inoculation purposes. In making the 

 inoculation the same plans were followed 

 as described for inoculation with anthrac- 

 nose, as explained below. Pure culture 

 of these organisms did not produce the 

 disease on the fruit in a single instance. 



Owing to the nature of the growth 

 which anthracnose makes in culture 

 media spores cannot be obtained in 

 quantities for inoculation experiments. 

 Cultures of spores from the stems, leaves 

 and fruit, however, produced the same 

 identical growth, showing that the spores 

 are those of the same fungus. Since the 

 culture gave evidence that anthracnose 

 occurs on the fruit inoculations were 

 made, as described below. 



Diseased berries in different stages of 

 maturity, from green to ripe, in which 

 spores of the fungus had not developed, 

 were collected, immersed in fifty per cent 

 alcohol for a few monients, after which 

 they were thoroughlj' rinsed in sterilized 

 water to remove the alcohol. These 

 berries were then placed in moist cham- 

 bers. In these cultures the fungus in the 

 fruit grew from the infested areas in 

 tufted areas and in tufts, arranged in 



circles around the central portion of the 

 diseased areas, and in some cases the 

 rings were continuous, since the tufts 

 were so numerous that they merged. 

 The growth of the fungus in these cases 

 can only be determined by using a lens, 

 since the growth under the naked eye 



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