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BETTER FRUIT 



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years to come, m.i matter how skilled the 

 salesman was who made the attempt. 



The case of the Sherwin-Williams 

 product is different. This lead arsenate 

 ranks with-the be-;t brands on the mar- 

 ket. In other regi<jns it is a safe and 

 efifective insecticide. During the season 

 of 1909 the burning of foliage was not 

 very pronounced, but in 1910 the losses 

 from this source were very severe. We 

 thus have in the experience of 19(19 and 

 1910 with the Sherwin-Williams arsenate 

 simplj' reproduced the experience of the 

 ^•alley with Swift's arsenate during the 

 seasons of 1904 and 1905. 



Orchardists should insist that until 

 manufacturers are ready to produce a 

 strictly neutral lead arsenate they have 

 no right to sell their products in this 

 valley. 



The danger {mm ihe use of the Sher- 

 win-Williams lead was understciod and 

 announced by jNIr. Volck, but notwith- 

 standing his warnings buyers could be 

 found, and the material was sold. It was 

 not contended that this lead was a 

 strictly neutral lead arsenate. The pres- 

 ence of an excess of arsenic acid was 

 easily determined by chemical tests, and 

 the foliage test entirely confirmed the 

 chemical test. The only argument was 

 that such compounds were safely used 

 elsewhere. Had this \alley been com- 

 parable with other sections it would not 

 have recpiired eight years to bring the 

 growers to practical unanimity as to the 

 value of spraying. There would not have 

 been the reaction against spraying dur- 

 ing the years 1906 and 1907; indeed, it is 

 probable that the special services of the 

 university would not have been required 

 at all. but the growers themseK es would 

 have brought spraying to a successfid 

 issue during the twelve years that inter- 

 vened betvN'een the successful experi- 

 ments of Professor Wickson and the 

 beginning of the codling moth investiga- 

 tions in 1903. 



The one thing that the experience of 

 these eight years has demonstrated is 

 that the conditions are peculiar. The 

 good "to come from this years' experi- 

 ence should be that hereafter a lead to 

 sell in this valley mu^t correspond with 

 the standard found necessary under our 

 peculiar conditions. There is no reason 

 why other manufacturers than the local 

 firm might not [jroduce these goods, but 

 up tcj dale none of them has done so. 



This brings up the desirability of a 

 state insecticide law. There is ccrtainh' 

 a great present need for such a law, and 

 it should commend itself to the active 

 support of everyone here present. No 

 doubt last year's experience with the 

 IXL compound would scarcely ha\'e 

 been possible, and this year's experience 

 with a pyro lead compound would have 

 been less likely because of the greater 

 respect many orchardists would have 

 had for warnings from a state office. 

 Nothing, however, .'eems sufficient to 

 protect some farmers from plausible 

 agents, as was witnessed in this valley 

 this year when some of them were per- 

 suaded Ut part with iheir money foi" 

 an absoluU'ly fraudulent fertilizer emn- 

 poimd — a pi'oduel w hich it should be ille- 



gal to offer for sale in the state as a 

 fertilizer. 



The discovery and adoption of a safe 

 arsenical is an essential factor, without 

 which successful spraying is impossible, 

 but we shcjuld not lose sight of the fact 

 that other questions must also be con- 

 sidered if we are to secure the full bene- 

 fits of the practice. Doubtless next year 

 no dealer in the valley can afford to offer 

 for sale any lead arsenate against which 

 there is any suspicion of lack of neu- 

 trality, and the question of a safe arsen- 

 ical will have been settled. Then the 

 only questions remaining are those of 

 quantity, manner of spraying and time. 



The former of these I propose to dis- 

 cuss Vv'ith the growers of the valley when 

 the agricultural train ci)mes to this sec- 

 tion in a few months from now, and will 

 then have apparatus by means of which 

 [ can illustrate my remarks. Today I 

 will limit myself to the discussion of the 

 time for spraying. 



The experience of these eight years 

 has abundantly proven that to produce 

 the best results we cannot follow the 

 practice of other regions. 



In the Pajaro Valley alone of all the 

 regions where apples are grown commer- 

 cially we have one section where trees 

 need not be sprayed at all for codling 

 moth. The section of the valley towards 

 the sea from Watsonville is a naturally 

 immune area. The immunity is due to 

 the fact that the e\-ening fogs and cold 

 winds from the ocean reach this region 



so early as to almost invariably prevent 

 the flight of the moth, and in conse- 

 quence the laying of the eggs. Some- 

 times after worms have been taken into 

 an orchard of this district in apple boxes 

 a few wormy apples are found for a year 

 or two, but never enough to be of any 

 significance. This immunity does not 

 extend further inland than the City of 

 Watsonville, -for as soon as a point is 

 reached where the moth will be able to 

 make a flight once or twice in a month 

 it may be able to lay its full quota of 

 eggs, and the worms become as numer- 

 ous as though the moth could fly every 

 evening. Nevertheless the condition 

 which results in an immune area below 

 the city profoundly affects the life his- 

 tory of the insect throughout the whole 

 \-alley. This influence of the ocean is 

 what has made the climate of the Pajaro 

 A-^alley so peculiarly adapted to the pro- 

 duction of the type of apple grown here 

 to such perfection. 



In bulletin No. 155 we divided the 

 work of codling moth control into three 

 campaigns. The first to consist of the 

 work of putting poison in the blossom 

 cup, the second what other sprayings 

 were found necessary to control the first 

 brood of worms and the third the spray- 

 ings against the later broods. 



The accumulated evidence of eight 

 years of experimentation and observa- 

 tion all shows that the blossom cup cam- 

 paign is of no practical value in any part 

 of the Pajaro Valley. 



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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



