iciii BETTER FRUIT Page 79 



STUDIES FOR THE STUDENTS OF POLLENATION 



BY PROFESSOR C. I. LEWIS, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, CORVALLIS, OREGON 



FOR nearly five years the depart- SELF-STERILE AND SELF-FERTILE VARIETIES 



ment of horticulture at the Oregon . No. Set No. Set Total Pollen 



Experiment Station has been con- , """-Z'' """'t^""'" Bas/ollen Fruits Set Bearers 



J . ^ ■ ^ ,- r ^, ■ Arkansas Black 100 None None None Medium 



ducting pollenation studies of the apple Autumn Sweet 50 None None None Medium 



and pear. In February, 1909, we pub- 5'''.?'"''"c 5 9 14 Medium 



^ . ^, . . , , Bailey Sweet 100 17 6 23 Medium 



hshed Bulletin No. 104, giving the results Ben Davis 100 2 1 3 Medium 



of our work up to that time. Bethleliemite 50 i 10 Abundant 



c- ir 1- TD 11 TvT -fA, Leitigheimer 50 None None None Shy 



Since publishing Bulletin No. 104 we Eellflower (yellow) 50 None None None Medium 



have been conducting extensive experi- Bottle Greening • 50 None None None Medium 



■r- ^1 I i\/r c- T Kennedy Sweet 50 None None None Medium 



ments. For the past two years Mr. E. J. Canada Reinette 50 None None None Abundant 



Kraus, who has charge of my research Colvert 100 5 2 7 Shy 



, . , ^- ,^ , , , Canada Red 50 1 None 1 Medium 



work in horticulture, has been co-operat- Delaware 100 None None None Medium 



ing with myself, and we have arrived at Domine 100 None None None Medium 



^ . , £ , ■ . J • Dutch Mignonette 50 None None None Medium 



certain definite conclusions, presented in k^.^u ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^l Abundant 



this article. Early Strawberry 50 None None None Abundant 



The fruit grower is not much interested f^lL^;^? 100 N<^e noL noL l^^ium 



in the technique of pollenation, but to Fall .Tenetmg 100 2 1 3 Shy 



tl-ir^cp ^:,■hr^ ,,n'cl-i fn taVp nr. tliic wnrV T Great Bearer 100 None None None Medium 



tllObC Who Wlbll to take up tins work i CHmes Golden 100 11 3 U Shy 



will state in brief that you cannot be too Gravenstein 50 None None None Shy 



careful. The emasculation of the anther nw STnt 



must be done before the blossoms open. Green Sweet 100 None None None Abundant 



The blossoms should be carefully cov- iTo ^Zl n^ no": Abu'^dTm 



ered with paper bags until fecundation Holland Beauty 50 None None None Abundant 



has taken place. Pollen can be nicely Holland Pippin 100 None None None Abundant 



, . ,. , / I-Iydes Keeper 50 None None None Medium 



ripened by picking the twig a little early Flandwell Souring 50 None None None Abundant 



and placing in fruit jars in a warm place. .Jonathan 200 None None None Medium 



„, ^ , ^ , ^1 1 .Tewetts Red 50 1 2 2 Medium 



ihe anthers can soon atter be gathered King of Tompkins County 100 None None None Abundant 



and placed in a dish in a warm room, Keswick Codling 50 24 16 40 Shy 



, , . . , ,, . Longfellow 100 13 14 27 Abundant 



and after ripening the pollen can be Limber Twig 100 None None None Medium 



collected. A little camel's hair brush is }l^y 100 Jjone None None Abundant 



, , . . J- Melon 50 None None None Medium 



as good as anything to use m transfer- McMahon White 100 None None None Shy 



ring the pollen. Melon Sweet 50 None None None Medium 



, t, ^1 1 ^ -u r Munson Sweet 50 None None None Shy 



It has been thought by many fruit Maiden's Blush 100 None None None Medium 



growers that pollen was transmitted Missouri Pippin 50 None None None Medium 



r , Mammoth Black Twig 100 None None None Abundant 



through the air by means of strong ^ann 100 2 None 2 Abundant 



winds and air currents. Our work here Montreal Beauty (crab) 100 None None None Medium 



1 .it, » •• i it, WT 1 Newtown 100 41 25 66 Medium 



shows that this IS not the case. We have Ortley 100 None None - None Medium 



found that very little pollen of either the Oldenberg 100 3 2 5 Medium 



nnnlp r.r npar is tnnsfprrpH in tliP -lir Paradise Sweet >. . . 100 None None None Medium 



apple or pear is tiansterred m tne an Pumpkin Russeit 100 8 8 16 Medium 



currents. Our best friend in the pollena- Pryors Red 50 2 None 2 Abundant 



.■ 1 ^1 1 „„ -n-i r „ fl„ „ Pewaukee 50 None None None Medium 



tion work 1.S the bee. Flying from flower R^d Golden Pippin 50 None None None Medium 



to flower, they transfer the pollen with Rambo 100 1 1 2 Shy 



, , „, , , Romanite 100 None None None Abundant 



good results. They are attracted to the Rome Beauty 100 None None None Abundant 



flowers by the bright colored petals. Re,d Cheeked Pippin 100 None None None Medium 



•' ' Ralls 100 None None None Medium 



We demonstrated that were the petals Rhode Island Greening 100 None None None Medium 



removed few bees would be attracted to i"'^?' ^""sh 50 None None None ^J*^^!"'" 



St, Lawrence 100 None None iNone Medium 



the tree. In one case only five apples Stark 100 1 None 1 Medium 



set out of fifteen hundred blossoms that ^ ""-r \T 



had the petals removed Very few bees Summer Oueen 100 None None None Abundant 



. . , , . Shiwassee 100 11 12 23 Shy 



visited the tree. Fruit growers cannot Summer Pearmain 50 None None None Shy 



emphasize too strongly the necessity and .^^^d 50 None None None Medium 



r • , • • •• ^pitzenberg 100 3 4 7 Mediu-n 



desirability of having bees m the vicinity Talmans Sweet ' 100 None None None Abundant 



of the orchard Transcendent (crab) 100 None None None Shy 



. ' ■ , Trumbull Sweet 100 None None None Abundant 



In laking up our pollenation studies Twenty Ounce 100 None . None None Abundant 



, , ■ i c ) W'agener 50 2 1 3 Abundant 



our mam aim and desire was to find the Western Beauty 50 None None None Shy 



cause of sterility. In determining this Washington 50 , 5 2 7 Medium 



, , J , , White Pippin 100 11 15 26 Shy 



cause we have worked on many problems willow Twig 50 i 1 2 Medium 



of vital interest to the growers, such as }X,'^?'*y 5" . ^'°"e None None Medium 



,. . , ., , ,r r •, • Whitneys Crab 100 1 3 4 Medium 



a list of the sterile and self-fertile vane- Winesap 100 None None None Shy 



ties, the mutual affinity of these varieties ^>r,'^ Imperial 100 None ' None None Abundant 



■' \ellow Transparent 25 1 1 2 Shy 



and the relation of the pollen to the seed- 

 ling fruit, etc. Our first step was to Table gives fertile and sterile varieties, kins County, Limber Twig, May, Melon 

 determine what varieties were sterile and '^"'^ their pollen-bearing qualities. Sweet. Munson"s Sweet, Maiden's Blush, 

 what were fertile. By the word sterile following is a list of the sterile Montreal Beauty, Missouri Pippin, Ort- 



^ „^^„ r -i J.1 i 1 . f (.1 ■varieties: Autumn Sweet. Arkansas ley, Pai^adise Sweet, Pewaukee. Red 



we mean truits that do not set fruit with 1 o 1 ■ r> na / 1 ^ j n- • -n j^i 1 j o- ■ 



■ ,, Ti ir r -1 Black, Beitigheimer, Bellflower, (yel- Golden Pippin, Red Cheeked Pippin 



their own pollen. By self-fertile we , . „ „ . _ j c i. /-vr .1 -r>- • n d 



, . , . , , r t , low). Bottle Greening, Canada Sweet, (Monmouth Pippm), Romanite, Rome 



mean truits which set good profitable ^^^^^^^^ Reinette, Delaware, Domine, Beauty, Ralls, Rhode Island Greening, 



fruit with their own pollen. We have d^,^^,, Mignonette, Ewalt, Early Straw- Sweet Bough, St. Lawrence, Salome, 



worked with eighty-seven varieties of ^gj-ry, Fallawater, Grape Bearer, Graven- Summer Queen, Summer Pearmain, Tal- 



apples and a large number of pears to stein. Golden Sweet, Gano, Green Sweet. man Sweet, Steel's Red, Transcendent 



determine their sterility and their fertility. Hoover's Red, Haas, Holland Pippin, Crab, Trumbull Sweet. Twenty Ounce, 



The following table gives the results Holland Beauty, Hydes • Keeper, Hand- Western Beauty, Wealthy, Winesap and 



of thit study as it concerns the apple; well Souring, Jonathan, King of Tomp- York Imperial. 



