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into associations, with their regular officers, Directors, Secretary, and 

 Manager. These various associations group themselves naturally into 

 local exchanges, each association being fitly represented. To illustrate: 

 In Central California, exchanges would be established at Sacramento 

 with perhaps a dozen local associations in it. Others would be formed 

 at Newcastle, Placerville, Marysville, Vacaville, Stockton, San Jose, 

 Fresno, and perhaps other points, each exchange consisting of as many 

 associations as the territory tributary required. These exchanges all to 

 be represented on a general Executive Board, which would have full 

 control of all business of the exchanges. In this connection I quote 

 from a paper I wrote a short time ago: 



" These associations should be organized on the same basis and for 

 the same purpose, and every grower belonging should be bound by a 

 contract which would give his association absolute control of the fruit. 

 The association itself, in turn, should be bound under contract to the 

 local exchanges, and the local exchanges again to the General Executive 

 Committee. Once the organization is perfected, it would consist of a 

 general exchange, with an Executive Board, a President, Manager, and 

 Secretary, who would have absolute control of all the shipping fruit 

 belonging to the various members. The management would have power 

 to make contracts with Eastern auction houses and fruit dealers. It 

 would be kept advised every day as to the condition of every market in 

 the United States, and having control of the fruit, would ship only as 

 much as the markets would take. The General Manager would be 

 informed also as to the quantity of fruit that each association desired 

 to ship. If the aggregate amount of shipments were in excess of the 

 quantity needed to keep the markets in normal condition, he (the Gen- 

 eral Manager) would reduce the amount that each association might 

 ship, making the reduction on a pro rata basis, figured on the quantity 

 produced by each association. He would also in naming the amount 

 that each association might ship be guided altogether by the amount 

 which each one had, giving each its proper proportion. A report of 

 each sale should be made direct to each association, and each individ- 

 ual grower's fruit should be sold on its own merits. In this way only 

 could proper reward be given to all the growers for selecting and pack- 

 ing their fruits with care and proper regard for quality. 



"An organization of this kind should be formed by the growers on an 

 absolutely unselfish basis. There should be but one ax to grind and 

 that should be, to obtain the best results for the producer at the least 

 possible expense. An organization formed by one individual firm or 

 special body of fruit growers for their own interests would fail of the 

 purpose aimed at. Nothing short of an organization which contem- 

 plates the entire handling of the business by the growers themselves 

 under business-like forms and methods will ever amount to anything. 

 By this I do not mean that it will be absolutely necessary to dispense 

 with all the machinery that is now in operation, especially in the East. 

 The growers certainly are capable now of putting up their fruit in 

 proper shape and forwarding it out of the State, and commission men 

 should be employed only at the other end as receivers, and, even then, 

 it is my opinion the growers should be represented by one of their own 

 number at all times in every leading market in the East." 



Assuming for the purpose of this paper that the deciduous fruit for 

 Eastern shipment was all under one control and subject to one man- 



