21 



one, not poured out, as is too usual, into a larger 

 basket, and then again from this into a heap ; this 

 systematic mode of inflicting small bruises is sure to 

 usher in decay. 



ESPALIER AND FANCY TRAINING. 



We consider no garden of any pretensions complete 

 without the trained espalier, in some form or other. 

 Independently of their use in producing fruit of a 

 superior character, when rightly managed, they in- 

 duce, perhaps, more towards the interest felt in the 

 highly cultivated kitchen garden than any other 

 feature. They serve to relieve the eye from the mo- 

 notony produced, by gazing continually on the ordi- 

 nary vegetables, which alone would give the idea of a 

 mere commercial garden. 



About drainage and soil, we need say nothing ; as 

 far as the apple is concerned, precisely the same soil 

 and the same precautions against excess of moisture 

 are requisite here as in wall culture. We might indeed 

 say almost the same in regard of pruning, whether 

 summer or winter: we will, however, give that a special 

 notice briefly, in order to draw attention to its prin- 

 ciples. 



Our first business will be with the various modes 



