2 



with it ; also another to run parallel with it, at the 

 front of the border, and so made that all superabun- 

 dant water can be carried entirely away from the 

 border. The drains are so constructed that the tops 

 of them are about three inches higher than the sur- 

 face of the following composed substratum. After 

 the drains are made, place ail over the surface of the 

 under stratum, three inches thick of moderate-sized 

 gravel, stones, or brick-bats, broken to a small size ; 

 upon this spread about one inch thick of fine gravel 

 (or, instead of it, strong road drift) ; the whole is then 

 well rolled or beaten firmly together; after this is done, 

 about three inches more gravel or small stones is laid, 

 which is also beaten or rolled to an even surface, but 

 not so as to bind them very close together. (Gard. 

 Mag. hi. 1 .) 



First Year. — Winter Pruning, — The tree is headed 

 down just before it begins to push ; in doing which, 

 the foot is placed upon the soil, and close to the bole, 

 in order to prevent it from being drawn up by the force 

 which is used in the operation. The cut is made in 

 a sloping direction towards the wall, and about half 

 an inch above the bud which is selected for the lead- 

 ing shoot. The tree is cut down so that seven buds 

 remain. 



Summer Pruning. — If all the buds push (which 

 will generally be the case), they are all permitted to 

 grow until they have attained three inches length, 



