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mature. One year, 1 hired a Dane to seed my rye — 100 acres. I requiied 

 him to seed exactly one-half bushel (SO lbs.) per acre. He felt I made 

 a very great mistake, for ' back home/ in Denmark, they seed 3 bushels 

 (180 lbs.) per acre. He seeded 5 acres on his home farm, using 15 

 bushels of rye to seed it. I harvested 27 bushels per acre over my entire 

 held * the Dane harvested 20 bushels from his 5 acres, only 5 bushels 

 more than he seeded, one kernel of my rye would make twelve kernels of 

 his rye. 



" Our plan of cropping has always been to summer-fallow one year 

 and crop the next. If possible, I plough in the fall (autumn) ; as a 

 general thing we cut our grain stubble as high as possible, say 2 feet. 

 When we turn that under, there is plant food to help the next crop. 



" When the fall and spring rains come on well prepared ground, they 

 go deep down. The next spring as soon as it is dry enough to work, we 

 put our discs on the summer-fallow and work over the top ; this con- 

 serves the moisture in the ground below and we continue to work that 

 ground all summer to keep down the weeds. We keep the summer- 

 fallow as clean as possible. Just before the seeding time, we thoroughly 

 level the seed bed with the leveller. Every three years we find it wise 

 to sub-soil 6 inches deeper than we plough. Do not throw the sub-soil 

 dire out, simply leave it loose in the furrow. By stinging climate, seed, 

 and soil conditions, no earnest worker need fail at dij-f arming in Utah."' 



Method of Summer-fallowing. 



As soon as the crop is removed 'in the autumn, the land should be 

 ploughed deep, from 8 to 10 inches. This land is then left rough 

 (unharrowed) so that the natural unevenness of the soil will catch and 

 retain the snow during the winter. In the spring time, as soon as the 

 ground becomes sufficiently dry so that the soil will not cling to the disc, 

 the disc harrow should be put on the soil and the land harrowed both 

 ways. If there is any vegetation growing at this time, lapping the disc 

 harrow half will generally remove all growth. In case the vegetation is 

 thick, and it is impossible to cut it out with the disc harrow, it may be 

 advisable to plough very shallow. 



The value of this summer-fallow lies largely in the method pursued 

 by which the moisture is conserved. It is essential therefore that the 

 ground shall be kept entirely free from all growth. Weeds take moisture 

 from the soil to as great and sometimes even greater extent than do 

 ordinary crops, and the land might just as well be made to produce a crop 

 of some economic importance. After each rainstorm it is essential that 

 the ground be harrowed in order that an earth mulch be maintained to 

 prevent the escape of moisture by evaporation. 



Numerous experiments in Germany, Wisconsin, and in our own 

 State have been made regarding the best methods of conserving moisture. 

 It has been determined that the moisture cannot escape in very large 

 (juantities from the soil that has on it constantly a thick mulch of dry 

 earth. For this reason it is essential that as soon as the ground becomes 

 packed and baked some tillage implement be used by means of which 

 this crust can be broken, and the soil mulch maintained. At the time 

 ol seeding there should be from 3 to 6 inches of dry earth on the surface, 

 in order to conserve and hold the moisture in the ground and keep it for 

 iho use of the coming crop. 



