9 



f Centrum, 

 w Neurapophysis. 

 o j 



Pleurapophysis. 



^Haemapophysis. 

 Parapophysis. 

 Diapophysis. 



Zygapophysis. 



Metapophysis. 



Anapophysis. 



Hypapophysis. 



/ neural. 

 SP'"H^h^mal. 



Synonyms in Compara- 

 tive Anatomy (Cuvier). 



Vertebral body. 

 laminas. 



rib, cervical rib, 



liatchet-bone. 



Sternal rib, chevron- 

 bone. 



Inferior transverse pro- 

 cess. 



Superior transverse pro- 

 cess. 



Articular or oblique 



process. 

 Prolongation of arti-"| 



cular process. I 

 Supplemental articu- f 



lar process. J 

 Inferior spinous process. 

 Spinous process. 

 Inferior spinous process, 



Synonyms in Human Anatomy 

 (Soemmering). 



Corpus vertebrae. 



Arcus posterior vertebrae, seu radi- 

 ces arcus posteriores. 



Costa, seu pars ossea costae, pro- 

 cessus transversus vertebrae cervi- 

 calis. 



Cartilago costae. 



Radix prior seu antica processus 



trans versi vertebrae cervicalis. 

 Radix posticus processus transversi 



vertebrae cervicalis, processus 



transversus. 

 Processus obliquus seu articularis 



vertebrae. 



Duo processus accessorii processui 

 transverso et articulari superiori 

 interpositi. 



Processus spinosus. 



The principal aim of the present communication was to point out 

 the proportion of the vertebrate animals in which the metapophysis, 

 anapophysis and hypapophysis were present, their principal modifica- 

 tions, and their title to the distinct appellations bestow^ed upon them. 



The metapophysis is noticed by Monro, in 1726, as a small rising 

 between the roots of the superior oblique and transverse processes ; 

 and both this and the anapophysis appear to be defined in similar 

 terms, as sometimes characterising the lumbar vertebrae, by Soem- 

 mering. The author of the present paper commences his compara- 

 tive anatomy of both processes by describing them in the European, 

 Polynesian and Australian varieties of the human race. He then 

 passes to the Quadrumana, and traces their modifications and pro- 

 gressive development in the Chimpanzee, Orang-utan and Gibbon, 

 in the Cercopithecus ruber, Semnopiihecus entellus> Macacus rhesus, 

 Macacus niger, Macacus nemestrinus^ Papio mormon, Ateles panis- 

 cus, Ateles Beelzebuth, Cebus capucinus, Callithrix sciureus, Lemur 

 nigrifrons, Lemur Catta, Lichanotus Indri, and Stenops gracilis. 



In the order Carnivora, the same processes are described in the 

 Lion, Hyaena, Wolf, Fox, Civet, Genette, Otter, Sable, Kinkajou, 

 Mydaus, Badger, Bear and Seal. The presence of anterior articular 

 processes (pre-zygapophyses) is demonstrated in all these Carnivora, 

 in the anterior dorsal vertebra ; and their apparently greater produc- 

 tion in the succeeding vertebrae is shown to be due to the gradual 

 transference of their articular surfaces upon the metapophyses, which 

 are processes distinctly superadded. 



In the Rodent Order, the modifications of the metapophyses and 

 anapophyses are described in the common and Malabar Squirrels, 

 the Marmot, the Hydromys, the Rat, the Cape Jerboa, in which the 

 anapophyses attain their maximum of relative size ; in the Beaver, 



