notorized broadcast seeders have been improvised and used very effect- 

 ively in seeding sagebrush land. They are somewhat like an endgate 

 seeder, but are powered independently by a small gasoline motor and 

 are mounted on a platform for attaching to tractor, plow or truck (11). 



■ Airplanes have also been used very effectively and economically for 

 broadcasting grass seed on burned timbex'land. Rather simple hoppers and 

 feeds can be improvised to meet the needs of the job (16). This method 

 is adapted for use mainly on fairly large areas. Burns as small as 

 100 acres can be seeded economically by airplane, provided the plane 

 does not have to be brought too far. 



H»R?.G'iS . 



The soiketcoth barrow is not very effective in relieving competition 

 or preparing a seedbed on firm unworked soil, but is better than nothing 

 for providing some cover on areas too inaccessible or otherwise unsuited 

 for use of other soil working tools. At least one of the large imple- 

 ment manufacturers makes a very rugged leverless, spiketooth harrow that 

 can be rolled into a bundle about 1 foot in diameter and 3§- feet long, 

 and readily packed into inaccessible areas such as high mountain parks. 



The springtooth harrow is more effective in destroying weeds and in 

 v;orking up the soil, but is harder to transport into inaccessible areas 

 and is a little less rugged than the spiketooth. It clogs badly when 

 used on trashy areas. 



Disk harrows or disks are usually mere effective in working the soil 

 and in destroying weeds than either the spike or springtooth harrows, 

 and do not clog up as readily with trash. They are not effective enough 

 to be dependable for controlling cheat grass before seeding, but are 

 useful for working up the soil and reducing competition on many areas 

 too rough, stony or uneven for use of a grain drill. The heavier types 

 of disk harrows are better adapted than some of the light farm models 

 for range use. The heavy bog or cut-out disk has been used effectively 

 in fairly heavy sagebrush. 



The self-cl earing or pipe harrov; can be improvised from steel pipe, 

 chain, and drill steel, and is more rugged and more effective in brush 

 and rocks than the commercial types cf harrows. It consists of three 

 or more pipes 4 to 6 inches in diameter and 8 to 12 feet long with 16 

 to 20- inch spikes of drill or other good quality steel driven through 

 them at about 18 inch intervals in a spiral arrangement, with the ends 

 protruding about 6 inches. The pipes are attached by a heavy swivel or 

 chain at one end to a front cross member to which an ordinary hitch is 

 attached. The pipes with the teeth are thus dragged lengthwise and are 

 free to turn as brush and trash begin to collect under them. 



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