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merely glance over the directions given by Cato, 

 Varro, Columella, and Palladius, for grafting and 

 other portions of its cultivation. Much of their 

 directions is very erroneous, but other parts of it are 

 very correct, and may be adopted with advantage. 

 It is not until we come to the time of Pliny that we 

 find much relative to the biography of the apple, 

 and then we obtain from his Natural History" 

 many statements that are highly interesting. 



*^ There are many apple-trees," says Phny, in 

 the villages near Kome that let for the yearly sum of 

 2000 sesterses," which is equal to S12 10s. of our 

 money ; " and some of them yield more profit to the 

 owner than a small farm." There are apples," 

 he continues, that have ennobled the countries 

 from whence they came ; and many apples have im- 

 mortalized their first founders and inventors. Our 

 best apples will honour the first grafters for ever ; 

 such as took their names from Martins, Cestius, 

 Manlius, and Claudius." This author particularizes 

 the quince apples, that came from a quince grafted 

 upon an apple-stock, which, he says, smell like the 

 quince, and were called Appiana, after Appius, who 

 was of the Claudian house, and who was the first 

 that practised this grafting. Some apples," says 

 he, are so red that they resemble blood, whichas 

 caused by their being at first grafted upon a mulberry 

 stock." But of all the apples he mentions, Pliny 

 B 2 



