20 



posed round the capsules^ and tend to the calyx. It 

 is said that the fruit rots when these are broken. 

 The pear also has them, but they are not so distinct 

 on account of the calculary or stony congeries. In 

 the apple they are placed very regularly, one at the 

 point of each cell of the capsule, and one in the mid- 

 dle between the other five. They are very apparent 

 on a transverse section of the fruit. The cells are 

 differently shaped in the two fruits : in the apple 

 they are narrow and pointed at both ends ; in the 

 pear they are obvate, broad exteriorly, and drawing 

 to a point at the end next the centre of the fruit. 

 The pear, however it may vary in shape, size, colour, 

 taste, &c., by cultivation, is generally convex and 

 lengthened out at the base ; whereas in the apple it 

 is always concave there. Besides this, the leaves of 

 the apple are commonly wider in proportion to their 

 length, of a yellower green above, and whitish under- 

 neath ; whereas in the pear they are dark green 

 above, and quite smooth on both sides : their vascular 

 system is very different, being very loose in the apple, 

 and very close in the pear ; hence the leaves of the 

 latter are much stouter and more permanent. Lastly, 

 the growth of these trees is quite different ; the pea? 

 being lofty and upright, the apple low and spreading. 

 {Martyris Miller's Diet.) 



