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and permanency of the trees during periods of draught, 

 by furnishing moisture when the Ught surface soil is 

 exhausted. In all cases, it is of much service to place 

 stones, brickbats, chalk, or any imperishable materials 

 on the subsoil, ramming it hard about six inches in 

 thickness ; this will prevent the descent of tap-roots, 

 and conduce much to a prolific habit. 



STANDARD OR ORCHARD CULTURE. 



Distance, — The young trees having been trained in 

 the nursery with tolerable good heads, they should be 

 planted with all their heads entire ; if any are intended 

 for the kitchen garden, plant them at least forty feet 

 distance ; and, for a full plantation, to form an or- 

 chard, allow never less than thirty feet distance every 

 way. 



It is impossible, however, to dictate any distance 

 as universally applicable, for soil and situation ought 

 to have a very controlling influence. Mr. Knight's 

 rule is very judicious, where he observes that the dis- 

 tance between each row, as well as the space between 

 each tree, must depend on the situation and soil. 

 When the former is high and exposed, the trees 

 should be closely planted to afford each other protec- 

 tion ; and when the latter is poor and shallow, their 

 growth W'ill of course be diminished, and they will 

 consequently require less room. But in low and shel- 



