144 



by so doing you will keep your trees in a young, 

 healthy, bearing state. Dwarf apples on the small 

 paradise stock may, if required, be kept in a much 

 less space than those described above ; and by this 

 way of pruning, the trees may be, with proper ma- 

 nagement, kept perfectly free from the canker. 



Mr. Bhss's directions for the formation of the tree 

 are very proper, but we do think that in order to pro- 

 duce the neat, compact, and symmetrical espalier of 

 the kitchen garden, shortening of the young growth 

 must be had recourse to annually, from the period of 

 planting. We are perfectly aware that the trees will 

 bear earlier and better without such shortening ; but 

 the tree will speedily grow lean and naked in the lower 

 extremities. If, in consequence of close pruning, the 

 roots becomes too powerful for the top, which is gene- 

 rally the case, root pruning judiciously managed is a 

 certain cure. Mr. B. is rather too sanguine, we doubt, 

 as to his mode of pruning being a preventive of can- 

 ker. This disease is found on all soils, and under all 

 systems of pruning. '\J\Tien a given kind, however 

 valuable, shew^s a constant disposition to canker, that 

 kind should be given up, and one better adapted to 

 the soil substituted. 



Mr. Greenshields, F.H.S., judiciously observes, 

 and the direction is apphcable to all pruning, that in 

 thinning, cut the old wood off close to the stem or 

 branch it was attached to : this prevents young wood 



