212 RESTORATION OF BADLY-TRAINED TREES. 



of the old roots are met with in digging they must be 

 left untouched. 



We ought to observe that the operations now de- 

 scribed for the restoration and regeneration of trees 

 have lost much of their importance since the introduc- 

 tion of the method of growing fruit trees in oblique and 

 vertical cordon. These forms allow of the maximum 

 product of standards and espaliers being obtained 

 about the sixth year after plantation, while fourteen or 

 sixteen are required for restored or rejuvenated trees of 

 the larger forms ; hence it follows that it will generally 

 be more advantageous to substitute for these operations 

 a new plantation in cordons. In the case of all the 

 trees in a garden or orchard requiring these operations 

 to restore and rejuvenate them, we proceed thus: — 

 Remove altogether the old trees upon a third part of 

 the ground where they are in the worst condition, and 

 replace them by occupying the ground with cordons. 

 When these begin to fructify we proceed in the same 

 way upon the second third of the ground, and some 

 time after on the rest of the space. All the garden or 

 orchard will be thus restored without ever being 

 deprived of fruit. 



