APPLE. 



15 



gardens, having* an upright stem free from branches, 

 six or seven feet high. The stem may be formed 

 either of the stock or of the graft ; the latter is the 

 most common practice. The forming of either 

 dwarfs or standards belongs exclusively to the nur- 

 seryman, who feels bound to supply his customers 

 with whatever form, as well as every kind of fruit 

 they may desire. Tall-stemmed standards are some- 

 times planted against walls, to fill up the vacant 

 spaces at the top between the dwarf trees which 

 cover the bottom ; in this character, they are called 

 Riders, The nurseryman forms standards, however, 

 chiefly for planting in orchards, where cattle are de- 

 pastured, or in the open garden, where under- crops 

 are raised. Standards are also much planted in 

 hedge-rows, in some parts of the kingdom ; and al- 

 though it be not a good custom, as regards the safety 

 and completeness of the fence, it is a profitable one 

 in many respects ; more especially in grazing coun- 

 tries, or on arable farms, where it is the custom to 

 leave green headlands. In cider manufacturing dis- 

 tricts, the hedges are full of apple trees ; and are to 

 the tenants a source of considerable income, on which 

 they very much depend, as well for paying their rent, 

 as for much domestic comfort. Hedge-row fruit 

 trees are established in tw^o ways. Some prefer 

 buying trees of a nurseryman, and plant them at once 

 close behind the line of the hedge, and at proper dis- 

 tances apart (say from six to ten yards). Others 

 plant the stocks in the first' place ; train them up 

 standard high, and then graft them with the desired 



