THE APPLE AND THE PEAE. 221 



on the same principles as the pyramid, and does not re- 

 quire illustration. The young tree is cut back to within 

 six inches of the ground. From the shoots produced be- 



Fig. 110, 

 Pear tree trained horizontally. 



low that point, three are selected, the upper one to form 

 the upright leader or stem, and two lateral or side 

 ones to form the two first arms. The first season these 

 shoots are allowed to grow upright and are kept in equal 

 vigor. At the commencement of the second season, they 

 are all cut back far enough, say one third to one half their 

 length, or even more in some cases, to ensure the growth 

 of all the buds. 



The upper shoot on each is selected for a leader, and 

 the others are pinched at two inches or less. After the 

 pruning, the arms are brought down half way to a hori- 

 zontal position, and towards the latter end of the seaso^, 

 wholly. An uniformity of growth among all the parts is 

 maintained according to the means and principles already 

 laid down, and year after year the tree is thus treated 

 until the requisite height and number of horizontal arms 

 or branches be obtained. In the case of very vigorous 

 growing sorts the leader may be stopped in June, and 

 thus a second pair of arms be produced in one year. The 

 upright leader and the branches are treated in a similar 

 manner — a difference in vigor always requiring a corres- 

 ponding difference in treatment. For espaliers, the apple 

 should be on the paradise or Douoain^ and the pear on 



