TRANSPLANTING. 45 



produced in each year till the tree reaches the top of the wall (or 

 espalier), when the upright stem must terminate in two horizontal 

 branches. In the following autumn the tree will have the appearance 

 of Fig. 32." — Suburban Horticulturist, pp. 363 : 372. 



Horizontal training, fourth year. 



Training fruit-trees is nowhere in the United States practised to 

 much extent, nor is it considered desirable in the general practice of fruit- 

 growing. The additional labor is not met by a balance in superior 

 quantity of product, and, while occasionally a few specimens may be pro- 

 cured in this manner of great beauty and excellence, the general crop is 

 not satisfactory or profitable, either to the amateur or the market-grower. 



CHAPTER VI. 



TRANSPLANTING. 



As nearly all fruit-trees are raised first in nurseries, and then re- 

 moved to their final position in the orchard or fruit-garden ; as upon the 

 manner of this removal depends not only their slow or rapid growth, 

 their feebleness or vigor afterwards, and in many cases even their life, it 

 is evident that it is in the highest degree important to understand and 

 practise well this transplanting. 



The season best adapted for transplanting fruit-trees is a matter 

 open to much difference of opinion among horticulturists ; a difference 

 founded mainly on experience, but without taking into account variation 

 of climate and soils, two very important circumstances in all operations 

 of this kind. 



All physiologists, however, agree that the best season for transplant- 

 ing deciduous trees is in autumn, directly after the fall of the leaf. The 

 tree is then in a completely dormant state. Transplanted at this early 

 season, whatever wounds may have been made in the roots commence 

 healing at once, as a deposit directly takes place of granulous matter 

 from the wound, and when the spring arrives the tree is already some- 



