17 



In my own experiments in the Santa Cruz Mountains, I found that all 

 early apples, and also Bellflowers, were pretty free, from five to ten per 

 cent of the latter only being affected. The damage done to the trees by 

 spraying (strength one pound to one hundred and eighty gallons) was again, 

 as last year, quite severe, and the same circumstance presented itself as last 

 year — that trees in position to dry out quickly after damp nights suffered 

 but very little, showing conclusively that the damage was due to the arsenic 

 being leached out by the moisture during the night. My statement made 

 last year — that the strength of the solution endured by different varieties 

 varies considerably — is again supported by experience elsewhere, particu- 

 larly in the case of Bellflowers; this may, perhaps, be solely due to their 

 dense foliage. While the Bellflowers with me were pretty clean, it was not 

 the case with E. Spitzenburg, which proved itself very badly infested. As 

 these two apples — Bellflower and Spitzenburg — were harvested but a short 

 time apart, and were almost of the same degree of ripeness, the difference 

 must be sought in other causes. The reason in this case was, evidently, 

 that, with the Spitzenburg and Yellow Newtown Pippin, but especially the 

 first, there was a distinct second blooming some three weeks after the first, 

 which did not receive any spraying, as there was only one spraying done. 

 Thus blossoms which were small and not conspicuous, moths made the most 

 of, and the apples were so badly affected that they never reached any size; 

 and, although many were picked off, a great many fell between the vines 

 growing among the trees, and were lost sight of. This proves conclusively 

 the necessity of picking off such secondary blossoms. 



In this connection I would call attention to the importance, in early 

 regions, such as the Sacramento Valley, to not allow a second crop, by 

 growing early varieties; and observing this closely it has been the experi- 

 ence of such men as Mr. Sol. Runyon, that codlin moths will do compara- 

 tively little damage. But while my own experience has not been as 

 encouraging as it might be, other people who have partly followed my 

 advice have succeeded very well. Mr. W. W. Riser, of Centerville, Ala- 

 meda County, used London purple. He reports his early apples, such as 

 Astrachan and Alexander, free from worms; fall apples, when sprayed only 

 once, badly infested, as well as winter apples, when only one treatment 

 was given. But when two treatments were given, the last in the beginning 

 . of July, at a strength of one pound to two hundred and twenty-five gal- 

 lons, the improvement was great, resulting in having at least 50 per cent of 

 clean apples, against only 10 when not treated. Whether I can safely rec- 

 ommend so late a spraying may be doubtful, yet when the apple has sev- 

 eral months to grow in, the danger of poisoning from eating is gradually 

 lessened, especially as it has been proven that the arsenic is gradually 

 leached out of the compound. In Coloma, El Dorado County, a widely 

 different section and climate from Alameda County, it seems that one 

 spraying accomplishes as much as two with Mr. Riser, probably owing to 

 the absence of rain and dew. Under date of October fifteenth, Mr. A. J. 

 Mahler writes: 11 We have used the mixture of Paris green, one pound to one 

 hundred and sixty gallons of water, for codlin moth; we gave the trees only 

 one spraying, on April eighteenth, and the result is that we have saved at least 

 50 per cent of the apples treated. The apples that have been treated are 

 large and of excellent color, and the trees show no damage from the poison." 



Mr. C. T. Settle, of San Jose, has obtained the best results of any. 

 Although surrounded with badly infested orchards, he has succeeded in 

 saving 75 per cent of a very large crop of late apples — Yellow Newtown 

 Pippin and White Winter Pearmain, but it was done with no less than four 

 2 h 



