334 



BIRDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA PART 4 



14. Broad buffy band across nape, rump white. 



male Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus 



in alternate (breeding) plumage, p. 381 

 Rump not white 15 



15. Undertail coverts yellow, rest of undersurface black. 



Yellow-rumped Cacique, Cacicus cela vitellinus. p. 346 

 Most of undersurface not black 16 



16. Throat to belly bright red, rest of body black, or body streaked brown with 



patch of red on belly and bend of wing. 



Red-breasted Blackbird, Leistes militaris militaris. p. 378 

 No red on body 17 



17. Upper surface streaked brown 18 



Upper surface not streaked 21 



18. Undersurface yellow, with black patch 19 



Undersurface buff y 20 



19. Large, more than 180 mm. 



Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna subulata. p. 379 

 Small, less than 155 mm. 



adult male Dickcissel, Spiza americana. p. 334 



20. Crown with broad, buffy central stripe. 



male in basic plumage or female Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus. p. 381 

 Crown without broad stripes. 



female or immature Dickcissel, Spiza americana. p. 334 



21. Undersurface rich brown or yellowish green. 



Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurius spurius. p. 365 



Undersurface yellow or orange 22 



22. Undersurface bright orange or washed with orange. 



Northern Oriole, Icterus galbula galbula. p. 375 

 Undersurface yellow and black 23 



23. Entire back yellow. 



Yellow-backed Oriole, Icterus chrysater giraudii. p. 373 

 Upper back black 24 



24. Head black. 



Black-cowled Oriole, Icterus dominicensis praecox. p. 367 

 Head yellow or orange 25 



25. Head orange. 



Orange-crowned Oriole, Icterus auricapillus. p. 368 



Head yellow. 



Yellow-tailed Oriole, Icterus mesomelas. p. 369 



SPIZA AMERICANA (Gmelin): Dickcissel, Arrocero 

 Pasajero Americano 



Emberiza americana Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., 1(2), p. 872. (New York.) 



Medium size; upper surface mostly streaked brown; undersurface 

 white with yellow wash on breast; male with black lower throat. 



Description. — Length 135-154 mm. Adult male in alternate plum- 

 age, lores white, superciliary rich yellow; fine line around lower rim 



